Transcript of 177-10001-10305.pdf

================================================== Page 1 ================================================== 177-1000 1-10305 2025 RELEASE UNDER THE PRESIDENT JOHN F_ KENNEDY ASSASSINATION RECORDS ACT OF 1992 JFK Assassination System Date: 8726/201 Identification Form Agency Information AGENCY LBJ RECORD NUMBER : 177-]000 1-10305 RECORD SERIES VP SECURITY FILE, CUBA, MSC. PAPERS, 5/61 & 1-12/62,BOX 9 AGENCY FILE NUMBER Document Information ORIGINATOR CIA FROM: CIA TO TITLE : DATE : 03/27/1963 PAGES : 44 SUBJECTS NEED SUBJECT ASSIGNED DOCUMENT TYPE : REPORT CLASSIFICATION Unclassified RESTRICTIONS 1B CURRENT STATUS Redact DATE OF LASTREVIEW 06/04/1998 OPENING CRITERIA COMMENTS DOC. #2 v9.| 31 H# 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 1 ================================================== Page 2 ================================================== SECRET e#ENN#TFMRMAEEHAAN TEELEEEC EN:C E Aee EiNiY (emorandu CUBANTRAININGIOE ATINAMERICAN: SUBVERSIVES: MarchEE963 SECRET H# 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 2 LLIGE 27 ================================================== Page 3 ================================================== THIS MATERIAL CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECT- ING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE ESPIONAGE LAWS, TITLE 18, USC, SECTIONS 793 AND 794, THE TRANSMIS- SION OR REVELATION OF WHICH IN ANY MANNER TO AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS PROHIBITED BY LAW. HI 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 3 ================================================== Page 4 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 CUBAN TRAINING OF LATIN AMERICAN SUBVERSIVES SUMMARY Page 1 DISCUSSION A Recruitment of Trainees 2 B Travel C Numbers of Trainees 3 D Training. E_ Subsequent Employment and Countermeasures F , Purpose and Propaganda _ ATTACHMENTS Argentina Bolivia 10 Brazil 12 Chile 14 Colombia_ 15 Costa Rica 17 Dominican Republi 18 Ecuador 20 El Salvador 22 Guatemala 23 Haiti 25 Honduras 26 Mexico 28 Nicaragua 30 Panana 32 Paraguay_ 34 Peru 35 Uruguay 37 Venezuela 38 Others 41 SECRET IF 5oss5 DocId:32283208 Page 4 ::6 ================================================== Page 5 ================================================== SECRET OCI No . 0515/63 27 March 1963 CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY MEMORANDUM Cuban Training of Latin American Sub- versives SUMMARY 1 We estimate that at least 1,500 to 2,000 Latin Americans have received guerrilla training or political indoctrination in Cuba 2 We have recorded the travel of 5,059 Latin Americans to Cuba in 1962 _ 9 and reporting to date in- dicates that at least another 417 went during the first two months of 1963 _ 3_ Field replies to a survey estimate that there were about 11,000 arrests in Latin America during the past 15 months for terrorism, sabotage , guerrilla aC- tivity, or other subversive activity_ Only a small percentage of those arrested , however , were brought to trial; almost a11 were released after varying periods of detention 4 Current efforts to improve and exploit re- porting on travel to Cuba had not made thenselves felt during the reporting period _ The security serv - Ices of Latin American countries accordingly were un - able, with isolated individual exceptions= 9 to estab- lish Cuban direction, instigation or training of ar- rested subversives 5. Incidence of guerrilla, terrorist , and sab- otage activity at present is highest in Venezuela, Peru, and--in the form of largely non-political ban - ditry__Cofombia There is sporadic guerrilla activity in and around Nicaragua and Guatenala, and a guerrilla potential in Ecuador and Brazil SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 5` ================================================== Page 6 ================================================== SECRET DISCUSSION Recruitment of Trainees 1 Candidates for subversive training in Cuba are selected by the leftist organizations sponsoring such activity in their hone land These organizations are not always Communist particularly in countries where the regular Communist leadership is less mil- itant than other extremist groups One tra ining group of Argentines included Peronists, Trotskyites, and Vanguard Socialists A Peruvian group has sent to Cuba for extended guerrilla training youths who are not members of any organizations but have ex_ pressed leftist ideas 2 In countries: where there is Cuban diplo- matic representation, candidates are screened by the embassy S G-2 officer We have no information on how approval is granted in countries which have no diplomatic relations with Cuba B. Travel 1 There is a concerted effort to conceal or obscure the amount of travel to Cuba, the identities of the travelers and the length of their stay Docu - ments are falsified and such devices as detachable visas, circuitous travel, and some surreptitious bor_ # der crossing are used 2 Since the' October crisis the only Western Hemisphere access to Cuba by scheduled airline has been through Mexico_ Throughout the reporting period Mexican authorities have been photographing passports of travelers arriving fron or leaving for Cuba and relaying the information to interested OAS members In some cases the travelers thenselves have been tographed 3 Cuban embassies , however 9 have been issulng visas on separate sheets of paper to avoid any re- cord of Cuban travel in the passport _ In addition, since some passports are fraudulent , the Mexican re- port of Cuban travel may neither reach the correct country nor permit identification At this agency 's suggestion , Mexican travel control authorities late in February began stamping passports to show arrival from or departure for Cuba _ While this effectively counters the device of the detachable visa in the ~2- SECRET H# 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 6 pho_ ================================================== Page 7 ================================================== SECRET case of legitimate passports 9 most Latin American countries have inadequate personnel and adminis_ trative machinery to scrutinize the passports of returning travelers 4 Travel control in Mexico City logged 4,912 legal travelers to Cuba in 1962 , and 969 in the first two months of 1963_ (These figures do not cover access by other routes prior to the quarantine in 1962 9 and include Cubans as wel1 as a1l other nationalities Accordingly they do not correlate with totals for legal and illegal travel to Cuba derived from available reporting in the in_ dividual Latin American countries It Should also be noted that 8 "legal 90 _ traveler in Mexican reporting may be listed a3 an illegal traveler by his homeland ; either because he had no authorization to visit Cuba 9 Or because of fraudulent documentation ) 5 Anniversary celebrations 9 goodwill tours, and international conferences afford preterts for travel to Cuba ostensibly unconnected with subver- sive training_ Identities of trainees are usually protected by pseudonyms at least during actual training, and the guerrilla candidate may return to his Havana hotel every few days to maintain a fic_ tion of sightseeing _ There have a lso been reports that trainees have for cover purposes attributed ex _ tended stays in Cuba to detention by Cuban police _ Prior to the October crisis, there was some direct travel to Cuba from Central American countries, and occasional Cubana charter flights, but the main jump-Off points were Mexico City Curacao, and Trinidad A Canadian non-Scheduled airline has operated a few flights between Canada and Havana , carrying both personnel and cargo. Cu - ban freighters cal1 fairly regularly at Mexican ports= 0 and some Latin American trainees could reach Cuba aboard Cuban ships picking up rice in British Guiana There is small Ship traffic, of unknown but limited extent , between Cuba and neighboring islands 7 Soviet and Czech airlines continue trans_ atlantic service to Cuba, and Iberian airlines on 11 February announced resumption of a_ schedule of two flights a month to Havana via the Azores Aero- flot has Occasionally sought and received permission -3- SECRET HI 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 7 ================================================== Page 8 ================================================== SECRET to land at Recife, Brazil, en route to Havana , and may have picked up some passengers 8 Controlled sources who have undergone guer- rilla training, and a comparison of inbound and out- bound travelers identified by travel controls make it clear that at least in the case of guerrilla trainees one leg of the travel is often by way of bloc countries and Western Europe We know of Latin Americans given Cuban training who appear on no travel controls suggesting that travel in both di- rections was either by way of the bloc or completely surreptitious_ 9 A center providing funds and forged pass - ports for travel to Cuba is known to exist in Monte= video, Uruguay - The Cubans are known to provide forged passports for some of the returning trainees . One group of Argentines returning through Prague and Western Europe was furnished with both Cuban and Ecuadorean passports to be surrendered in Monte- video prior to re- ~entering Argentina C. Numbers of Trainees 1 Our estimate that 1 500 to 2, 000 Latin Amer _ icans have received subversive training in Cuba is derived from a combination of travel information, de - briefing of controlled sources who have taken training, penetrations of sponsoring organizations 9 and in a few cases from the records of cooperating Latin Amer - ican secur ity services 2 Monitoring of travel into Cuba gives some indication of how many have stayed long enough to receive training 9 but does not permit differentiation between military training and political indoctrination We cannot establish a hard total or be certain about length of visit because of travel via the bloc _ Forged documentation obscures an accurate nationality break- down of the travelers . 3 The hardest figures on guerrilla trainees nationality are obtained from established and reliable sources who have access to such information through sponsoring organizations and in a number of cases have themselves taken such training in Cuba We do not , however , have enough such sources to provide independ- ently a comprehensive total of Latin America Only a few of the local Latin American security services have adequate assets for contributing such information 24- SECRET HI 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 8 by ================================================== Page 9 ================================================== SECRET D , Training 1 The scope of training varies with the time available One agent who participated in a four- week course in mid-1961 received basic training covering cross-country movement of guerrillas use and maintenance of weapons and basic guerrilia tactics Another clandestine source who spent nearly six months in Cuba in 1962 devoted more than 10 weeks of training to weaponry 9 communications the fortification of defense positions 9 combat tactics, general strategy 9 map-reading, security, and sabotage Both men reported considerable time devoted to polit- ical indoctrination and physical conditioning_ 2 One controlled agent reported that his en- tire group was required_ to_ fill out.an extensive ques_ tionnaire aimed at developing targets in the homeland for sabotage 9 subversion f military and police, il- legal entry and movement , operation of dummy business concerns to cover clandestine operations 9 and possible zones for air_drops _ 3 Extensive use is made of Che Guevara S book on guerzilla warfare The trainees also use 8 hand - book by Alberto Bayo, former colonel in the Spanish Republican air force who trained the original guer- rilla group with which Castro invaded the Sierra Maestra Thousands f copies of these books 9 in Span- ish or in Portuguese, have been printed or mimeographed and are circulating in Latin Anerica Sone have been specifically revised for individual countries 4 We also have reports of related courses of instruction 9 lasting as much a8 six to eight months, in such fields a5 espionage, psychological warfare, political action 9 agent communications and military medicine Some of the trainees are women 5 _ Most of the instructors of the guerrilla warfare courses are Cuban There are some reports of Spanish instructors Del Bayo himself is too old to participate actively, but apparently has an "emeritus" connection General Enrique Lister has been reported to be associated with guerrilla training. There have been a number of reports , without hard con- firmation, that Soviet and satellite instructors han - dle some of the more sophisticated training in such matters a3 sabotage and espionage ~5_ SECRET HI 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 9 ================================================== Page 10 ================================================== SECRET 6 _ Reports of trainees indicate that weapons training is confined to weapons they will be able to obtain, maintain, and replenish in their own countries We have reliable and corroborative re- ports that trainees and sponsoring leaders alike have been told Cuba does not intend to supply ap- preciable quantities of weapons because a guer- rilla must be self-sustaining_ It should be noted that while Cuba does supply some funds, guerrilla handbooks also suggest that bank robberies make guerrillas self-sufficient in this respect _ Leftist militants have in fact resorted to robberies in Peru, Venezuela , and Argentina E. Subsequent Employment and Countermeasures 1 Clandestine reporting has established a number of incidents of sabotage , terrorism,_ guer- rilla activity and other subversive action in which individuals known to have received training in Cuba have participated The clearest cases involved the establishment of local guerrilla training camps by Ecuadoreans and Brazilians returning from training in Cuba In each case however , our evidence of the guerrilla training in Cuba comes from clandes_ tine sources, there is no legal evidence of such Cuban instruction 9 and there has been no move to prosecute All 48 arrested in Ecuador were re- leased after short detention. Two individuals ar- rested in connection with the Peasant League training activities in Brazil are still known to be detained 2 The records maintained by Latin American security services are inadequate and far from stand- ardized 9 S0 that it has been difficult to establish a statistical approach to arrests for al1 types of subversive activities Available reporting indicates at least 11,000 such arrests since 1 January 1962 0 but 8 survey shows that most of these arrests amounted to little more than detention and some interrogation There were relatively few trials and convictions, prob - ably not exceeding five per cent of arrests_ 3 Sone of those arrested were released for lack of evidence, In other cases , for example in Ecuador 9 Brazil, and in Peru until last January 0 there bas been little evidence of any inclination on the part of the government to prosecute In cases where trials have taken place 9 the local security services have frequently -6 _ SECRET HY 50955 Docld:32283208 Page 10 ================================================== Page 11 ================================================== SECRET been unable to establish any Cuban connection, as in the case of the 139 guerrillas tried in Venezuela last fall 4_ In the absence of a_ comprehensive statis_ tical approach , information arrests, trials, and the involvement of Cuban trainees in subversive activities is given in the individual country re- ports attached to this memorandum F Purpose and Propaganda 10 Fidel Castro stated in July 1960 "We promise to continue making Cuba the example that can convert the Cordillera of the Andes into the Sierra Maestra of the American continent 88 For the past year Cuban spokesmen have been taking the line in public that Cuba provides the ezample for Latin Anerican revolution 9 with the implication that nothing more than guidance need be exported In private, they have been offering training and financial and technical assistance to Latin American revolutionaries While Cuba S economic dependence on the USSR restrains a wholehearted endorsement of the more militant Peiping attitude 9 Guevara and Education Minister Armando Hart insist both in public speeches and in private remarks to visiting Communists that "Socialism" can be brought about in Latin America only by force 2 Direction and support by propaganda is on a massive scale The work of Radio Havana and of the Prensa Latina news service is badked" up by bulk mail and even air freight shipments Postal and custons authorities in Panama for instance , are destroying a monthly average of i2 tons of Cuban propaganda which is entering or being sent through Panama Costa Rica averaged 10 tons in 1962 _ 3 Radio Havana 5 international service, started in May 1961, now Teads all Latin American international services in program hours It broadcasts a weekly total of 188 hours of propaganda in languages including Spanish, Portuguese 9 Haitian Creole , English, French, and Arabic . This includes 108-1/2 hours in Spanish to the Americas, 7 hours in Portuguese 9 7 hours in Haitian, and 17-1/2 hours in English to the Western Hemisphere It also originates black broadcasts on occasions such as the disorders in the Dominican Republic in late 1961 _ 9 and makes transmitters available to Latin American exile groups Attached annexes discuss Cuban training of Latin American subversives on a country-by-country basis_ 7 SECRET H 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 11 on ================================================== Page 12 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 ARGENTINA 1 About 500 Argentines are estimated to have traveled illegally to Cuba for training in subversive activities One training group alone given guerrilla warfare training over 2 Bix-nonth_period in 1962 varied in number from 34 to 50 _ For the past four months departures from Argentina for Cuba have averaged 35-40 a month . Argentine intelligence says 80 of the 500 are known to have received guerrilla training; the number is probably considerably higher 2 . The' federal district around Buenos Aires re- cords no arrests for guerrilla activity_ There were 155 arrests and three convictions for sabotage in 1962 and 14 arrests , but no convictions to date in 1963 _ Records on terrorist activity show 468 cases 60 arrests , and 27 convictions in 1962 121 cases } two arrests and two convictions in 1963 Argentine police also list 628 arrests in 1962 and 1963 on the broader charge of "subversive activity _ T 3 Altogether police files show 1,285 incidents of sabotage or terrorism of which 425 were committed by. unknown persons Police have no evidence that any of those arrested or convicted are known to have re- ceived training in Cuba 4 None of the individuals known to have re- ceived extensive Cuban training hold influential positions but the following individuals in position of influence have traveled to Cuba and may have re_ ceived some training: Fanny Edelman 2 former secretary-general of the Argentine Communist women S organization UMA present ly assigned to foreign liaison of the Argentine Communist Party Maria Josefa de Mastroberti, prominent member of the Cuban Solidarity Committee for Argentina Osaias Leon' Schujman directori of the Federation of Communist Youth , national deputy for the Argentine 28 - SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 12 ================================================== Page 13 ================================================== SECRET Communist Party reportedly a supplier of false pass - ports for to Cuba Jorge Francisco Timossi , former Argentine representative for Prensa Latina Hector Villalon, prominent Peronist close to Peron . 5 Argentine guerrilla training units in Cuba have been mixed including Peronists Communists , and Vanguard Socialists There are indications that the most active recruitment is carried on by the Argentine Communist Party and by the Communist-influenced left wing of the Peronist movement , under the direction of John William Cooke in Cuba His wife, Alicia Cooke lives in Montevideo , Uruguay , which i8 the center providing funds and forged documentation for the recruits 6 An Argentine taking 2 six-month course re- ceived training in weapons 9 marksmanship, explosives 9 ballistics $ communica tions strategy , tactics , sani- tation, closed and open order drill and cons truction of defenses Weapons used included Mauser and Garand rifles , Brownings Thompson submachineguns 9 bazookas 9 81-nm mortars , and a 57-mm recoilless cannon . -9 0 SECRET HY 50955 Docld:32283208 Page 13 travei Principai ================================================== Page 14 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 BOLIVIA 1 About 500 Bolivians traveled legally to Cuba in 1962 , and 25 in the first two months of 1963 . There have been no arrests of pro-Cuban agitators for sab- otage, terrorist guerrilla_ 9 or other subversive activities in Bolivia to date _ 2 _ We can identify by name 214 of the travelers to Cuba The individuals who killed a number of anti- Communists during 2 pro-Cuban demonstration on 26 October 1962 were identified 48 having visited Cuba = Six of these agitators were: indicted but released when government investigators placed the blame for the incident on anti-Communists 3 Otherwise there have been no known incidents which might be attributed to Cuban training_ 4 Zenon Barrientos Manani, a national deputy belonging to the Bolivian Communist Party (PCB) since his return from Cuba has been reported with- out confirmation to be organizing guerrilla forces among Bolivian peasants The same untested source said Barrientos was active in supplying weapons to Peruvian guerrillas and had aided Peruvian guerrilla leader Hugo Blanco during a reported Bolivian visit by Blanco. 5 , Other Bolivians in positions of influence who have been in Cuba long enough to receive train- include : Daniel Saravia Quiroz 9 secretary-general of the Bolivian Labor Confederation (COB) (Saravia, however 9 is reported to have changed his beliefs since his travel to England Baldomero Castel, COB leader Oscar Salas, mine leader Oscar Sanjines, leader of the Cochabanba Labor Federation Ofelia Altamirano de Sabrabi, factory wor Doo kers leader ~10 t0 SECRET Fw 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 14 ing ================================================== Page 15 ================================================== SECRET Student and youth leaders Andres Soliz Rada, Dulfredo Walter Quisbert Barrios, and Alberto de la Barra . PCB leading members Mario Manje and Hilario Claure Alcides Monasterios , national deputy of the left-wing sector of the governing National Revolu - tionary Movement (MNR) 6 In January 1963 9 there were 60 Bolivian scholarship students in Cuba who had attended con _ pulsory 20_day courses of military instruction_ The Cuban charge in Bolivia reportedly said last month that Cuba expected to give more than 80 schol- arships to Bolivians in 1963 7 _ The Bolivian government in June 1961, lished documents purporting to prove that left ex- tremists had been corresponding with the Cuban En - bassy in an effort to obtain arms and instruction for pro-Castro "combat groups 01 While Bolivia has had extensive paramilitary formations ever since the MNR defeated the armed forces and seized con- trol and while the extreme left of the MNR in particular has strong militia units; we know of no paramilitary formations linked directly with Cuban subversion 8 We assume , however, that some proportion of the 500 legal travelers received indoctrination while in Cuba ~ll- SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 15 Rua , pub- ================================================== Page 16 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 BRAZIL 1 Approximately 400 Brazilian nationals trav_ eled legally to Cuba in 1962 , and another 24 the first two months of 1963 _ A total of about 50 Bra - zilians are believed to have received specific' guer- rilla warfare training in Cuba, starting with a con- tigent of 12 men in July-August 1961 We know of 19 Brazilian specifically A defecting Cuban army officer who claims to have run a base for guerrilla training reports that 37 Brazilians took courses there at a time which does not coincide with the 19 cases in our records 2 At least four of the guerrilla trainees :in the original contingent of 12 were connected with the guerrilla training camps of the Brazilian Peas _ ant Leagues # exposed by the Varig air crash docu - ments_ At least six such camps were established and each was to have 30 men and at least one leader trained in Cuba - Only one of the Cuban trainees is known to have been arrested Altogether there were only three arrests, although 24 additional warrants were issued _ 3 All of the Brazilians we_ can identify as guerrilla trainees have come from the regular or the dissident Communist party or the Marxist-oriented Peasant Leagues of Francisco Juliao Trainees sent by the Leagues were in some cases also members of the regular Conmunist party . 4 . Brazilians in positions of influence known to have received training in Cuba include : Clodomir dos Santos Morais, number two man in the Peasant Leagues 2 and principal agent in set- ting up the training camps ; still in custody. Joaquim Ferreira, Pedro Motta Barros Rivadiva Braz de Oliveira, and Amaro Luiz de Car_ valho, Peasant League leaders (Ferreira, a lawyer , is a former economist for SUDENE , development agency for the impoverished northeast Barros and de Oliveira are also student leaders, and Barros is a Communist Party youth leader . ) -12- SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 16 ================================================== Page 17 ================================================== SECRET Florentino Alcantara de Moraes , Pernambuco state leader of the regular Communist Party of Bra _ zil Carlos Danielli, Angel Arroyo, Mauricio Grabois and Joao Amazonas, leaders of the dissident Communist Party. -13= SECRET H 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 17 ================================================== Page 18 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 CHILE 1_ There were 551 legal travelers from Chile to Cuba in 1962 and another 110 in the first two months of 1963 _ (Anniversary celebrations tend to make travel in January higher than the monthly av = erage ) In addition _ field reports show about 400 illegal travelers in 1962 under a definition which lists nationals of one country who obtain their Cuban visas in 2 third country as "illegal_ 2 We have no hard clandestine evidence of Chilean guerrilla trainees A defecting Cuban army lieutenant has told reporters that a base he com- manded gave 19 Chileans guerrilla training in late 1961 Since neither travel to Cuba nor the large' Communist party is illegal in Chile a Chilean na - tional has little reason other than the intention to take subversive training to conceal travel to Cuba On this basis it would appear to be a safe assumption that more than half of the illegal trav_ elers probably received military or political in- doctrination_ 3 The only known arrests in the past 15 months for subversive activity took place in October 1962 when five members of the Progressive Socialist Move _ ment (MSP) were arrested following an explosion wbile they were assembling bombs in a downtown Santiago apartment Four of the five were released after three days the fifth, whose hand had been blown off, was given a jail sentence The bombs were to have been used against the U.S_ embassy 4 Julio Stuardo leader of the MSP and one of those arrested had traveled to Cuba but is not known to have received any particular training Fe had been photographed prior to the bombing incident with Cuban embassy officials believed to be intel- ligence officers 5 _ There are no Chileans in positions of in- fluence who are known to have received training in Cuba However leftist Senator Sa lvador Allende the probable FRAP candidate in the nert Presidentiai elec _ tion has made numerous visits to Cuba -14- SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 18 ================================================== Page 19 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 COLOMBIA 1 We have record of about 400 Colombians who traveled to Cuba legally during the past year and no record of any illegal travel Approximately 100 appear on manifests via Curacao , and 65 via Mexico City_ Travel information on the remaining 235 is based on agent reports and liaison 2 Of these 400 , 37 are reported to have re_ ceived training in guerrilla warfare one in coun- terintelligence 9 and one attended 2 staff or cadre school 3 Most of those selected for training are members of either the United Front for Revolutionary Action (FUAR) or the Worker-Student-Peasant Move _ ment (MOEC) Both are made up of revolutionaries , dissident Communists and recruits from the ranks of labor students and the unemployed lower classes _ Both receive Cuban financial support and are at- tempting-_without appreciable Success to date--to coordinate operations with the bandit gangs terror= izing the violence areas of Colombia 4 Two guerrilla leaders imprisoned: in 1961-- 04 Eddie Aristizaba l of MOEC and Tulio Bayer--and one killed in 196l--Antonio Larotta of MOEC_~were re_ ported to have received guerrilla warfare training in Cuba Larotta 's training was in 1959 5 _ Colombian army statistics (which the U .S _ army attache considers on the high side because of the statistical procedures used) list 2 , 582 rural bandits captured and 1 029 individuals detained on suspicion of involvement in rural banditry in 1962 and 300 captured and 134 detained in the first two months of 1963 The Colombian army has no statistics on subsequent trials but on the basis of past ex- perience it is estimated that about two percent of a11 those arrested and detained-ei e about 80 persons_ D were convicted and sentenced _ The bandits are not considered guerrillas in a political sense although some Cuban propaganda has been found on dead bandits There were 388 bandits killed in rural areas in 1962 and 89 in 1963 -15_ SECRET HY 50955 Docld:32283208 Page 19 ================================================== Page 20 ================================================== SECRET 6 According to official records there were 13 terrorist attempts in Colombia during 1962 in the course of which nine terrorists were captured = and one was killed_ Three of those captured--all members of FUAR--were convicted One of the three Alvaro Santiago Paz of Cali 1s known to have traveled to Cuba To date in 1963 there have been 15 terrorist attempts including eight in Bogota There have been 16 captured and one kflled in Bogota preparing or attempting terrorist acts One terrorist identified as a FUAR member was convicted in Ca li One terrorist not identified was captured in Medellin_ 7 Santiago- is the only_captured subversive known to have been in Cuba Three leading members of MOEC_-Aristizaba l mentioned above ; Pedro Abella ; and Fabio Molino--are known to have recelved training in Cuba -16_ SECRET H 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 20 yet ================================================== Page 21 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 COSTA RICA 1_ A total of 216 Costa Ricans visited Cuba in 1962_ As many a5 30 probably received para - military training 2 In February 9 1963 , 21 Costa Ricans re- turned fron visits of four to six months It has been reliably established that nine of them were trained a5 instructors in guerrilla warfare 9 and one was trained 4s an organizer and instructor for militia training_ The length of stay suggests that the: remaining 11 also.received paramilitary instruction Three other Costa Ricans including one woman, known to have gone to Cuba for such training are not reported to have returned to Costa Rica 3_ Two Costa Rican Communist leaders are reported independently by fairly reliable sources to have stated that guerrilla warfare training camps are to be established in Costa Rica The purely Costa Rican aspect makes this a new develop_ ment ; guerrilla activity in Costa Rica hitherto has centered in the relatively wild and lightiy policed northeastern frontier area, and has been targeted against Nicaragua 4 . There have been no arrests for sabotage, terrorism 9 or guerrilla activity in Costa Rica About 50 have been temporarily detained for sub - versive activity, and one individual was arrested and jailed for one year_ (This does not include about 30 suspected subversives detained during President Kennedy's visit.) 5 Nineteen of the 30 Costa Ricans believed to have received guerrilla training in Cuba are known by name Of the 19, the only ones in posi- tions of influence are Oscar Morera Madrigal, San Jose physician 9 and Modesto Ruiz Ruiz, leader of the Communist labor union in the banafia zone ~17 - SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 21 yet ================================================== Page 22 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1 The Dominican Republic in 1962 and 1963 arrested 120 persons for sabotage , terrorism, or other subversive activity_ Of these, 45 were held for an appreciable time, tried, or sentenced. This includes 33 who were deported_ Of these three are known or believed to have received training in Cuba . 2 There were 15 incidents in al1, five of which are considered to have been inspired by Cuban trainees _ The remainder were caused by people not believed to have had any Cuban traininga 3 There is no hard evidence of legal or ille_ travel from the Dominican Republic to Cuba since 1 January 1962 9 although some of the deportees may have returned from Europe to Cuba = The best avail- able estimate is that about 25 Dominicans may have gone to Cuba illegally We have an unconfirmed re- port that three Doninicans went to Cuba for guer - rilla training, and 12 others are believed to have stayed long enough for appreciable training or in- doctrination 4 Individuals in positions of influence, known or believed to have received training in Cuba , include: Juan Ducoudray Mansfield of the Dominican Communist party. Rafael Faxas Canto of the leftist 14th of June group. Gustavo Machado Baez , director of the Agrarian Reform Institute (rumored to have been trained in Cuba , but we have no previous traces Labor leaders Jose Estrella and Jacobo Armach . Student leader Luis Gonex Perez _ -18_ SECRET HY 50955 Docld:32283208 Page 22 gal ================================================== Page 23 ================================================== SECRET Tomas Parmenio Erickson Alvarez, 2 leader of the pro-Communist MPD party. Andres Ramos Peguero , MPD , recently sen- tenced to 30 years in prison ~19- SECRET HY 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 23 ================================================== Page 24 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 ECUADOR 1 In 1962 there were an estimated 208 legal travelers from Ecuador to Cuba , including 50 who went for sports events_ As of December about 80 members of Communist and Communist-front youth groups had been in Cuba since June undergoing guer- rilla training 2 Travel reports showed 40 to 60 Ecuadoreans entering Cuba through Mexico in the first two months of 1963 3 At least 15 Ecuadoreans trained in Cuba are known to have engaged in paranilitary activi- ties of a training nature following tbeir return. 4 Army forces in April 1962 rounded up 48 menbers of URJE , a Communist-front youth group, at 2 training camp 50 miles west of Quito Seven of those arrested had been trained in Cuba . None of the 48 was tried, and none was held for more than six weeks This was the group whose leaders the Communists subsequently expelled from URJE amid published charges that they had wasted $44,000 in Cuban funds 5 _ Including the 48 URJE guerrillas 9 there have been an estimated 75 arrests in 1962 and 1963. for guerrilla and terrorist activity, distribution of Communist propaganda 9 and painting of Communist slogans on walls All of the propagandists were released after several days of detention 6 _ There have been three known terrorist at- tempts 9 including the bombing of 2 theater and a radio station Most of the participants are iden_ tified in clandestine reporting. They include several who have probably had training in Cuba = 7 Ecuadoreans in positions of influence who have had training in Cuba include URJE leaders Mario Vera Arrata, Jefferson Quevedo Enrique Medina, Car- los Alvardo Loor and Milton Mejia; and Efrain Alva_ rez Fiallos, secretary-general of the Ecuadorean Communist Youth (JCE) and JCE leader Ketty Romoleroux "20- SECRET H 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 24 ================================================== Page 25 ================================================== SECRET 8 We estimate tbat there are at present about 200 men in paramilitary units Four cor- roborative reports establish that the regular Con- munist Party of Ecuador is forming 2 paramilitary command of 10 squads of 10 men each scattered throughout the country_ 9 Cuban travel does not show in Ecuadorean passports 9 and is primarily by way of Mexico . There are seven recorded cases of travel via Prague, and two via Paris -21- SECRET H 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 25 ================================================== Page 26 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 EL SALVADOR 1 Approximately 100 Salvadorans traveled to Cuba in 1962 , and eight more have gone in 1963 Most of them attended party meetings or celebrations for one or two weeks About 20 continued to Bloc countries_ There is no evidence that any received guerrilla training or extensive political indoctri- nation_ 20 Since passage of 2 new law in September 1962 9 Salvadoran authorities have been arresting returning Salvadorans suspected of having gone to Cuba Several now are in jail awaiting trial_ Almost a11 Salvadoran travel to Cuba is through Mexico with detachable Cuban visa A number of Salvadorans have remained in Cuba because of the police crackdown in El Salvador There are no known paramilitary units or related activity. 4 There have been 196 recorded arrests since the beginning of 1962 for terrorist or subversive activities None of those arrested has been con- victed or even tried, but 66 were held for an ap- preciable time--about 15 for a5 long a5 nine months We believe that three of those arrested had had some type of training in Cuba There is no record of any arrests for guerrilla or sabotage activity. 5 _ Records show a total of 25 subversion inci- dents eight by unknown persons ; three involving individuals believed to have received training in Cuba ; and 14 involving persons not believed or known to have had any Cuban training 6 Other than two prominent Communist labor leaders , Luis Felipe Cativo and Jose Delfino Perez , Cuban trainees are not known to have any positions of influence in El Salvador -22- SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 26 ================================================== Page 27 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 GUATEMALA 1 There were about 80 illegal travelers from Guatema la to Cuba in 1962 of whom we believe 20 to 30 received training in guerrilla and sabotage techniques Identified trainees have remained in hiding since their return Guatemalan Communists have contingency plans for paramilitary operations but have been waiting for other elements to create a favorable opportunity for such action 2 Cuba in the past has furnished funds for illicit purchase of weapons by non-Communist ele- ments such a5 the "13 November" movement of ex- Lieutenant Yon Sosa which has sporadically under- taken unsuccessful military operations against Guatemalan army garrisons The Cubans have cited the greater militancy of non-Communist groups in explaining such funding operations to the Guate_ ma lan Communists 3 Cuba gives asylum to former Guatenalan President Arbenz and other leading members of his regime and affords them propaganda facilities 4 . Arrest statistics in Guatemala are incon- clusive because of the waves of detentions during periods of tension During nearly daily disturbances in January-March 1962 in which an estimated 40 were killed for erample about 000 were arrested under state of siege _ A few were exiled to El Salvador but most of those arrested were released after several days _ 5 , Similarly , there were a number of arrests on charges of terrorism or subversion during the first half of 1962 but no trials: Communists in- spired and controlled most of the street disturbances , but the mobs were made up of al1 anti-regime elements, and no known incidents can be attributed to the in- dividuals trained in Cuba Numerous copies of Che Guevara 8 handbook for guerrillas were passed out early in 1962 to serve 25 a "do-it-yourself" hand- book on sabotage and terrorism 523 - SECRET HY 50955 Docld:32283208 Page 27 1 , ================================================== Page 28 ================================================== SECRET 6 . There have been an estimated 60 incidents ranging from the a lmost daily explosion of homemade bombs in some periods to the assassination of the judicial police chlef dynamiting of 2 water reservoir and sabotage of a gasoline storage tank The govern- ment has attributed almost a11 such acts to "Castro- Communists. 90 Cuban trainees were very probably in- volved but there is no good evidence of identity 7 On )12 March 1962 Guatema lan troops en- countered a group of 20 Communist guerrillas near Sa lama and killed 18 Members of thls group may possibly have been trained ln Cuba _ On 27 March 1962 the army captured 10 guerrillas Infiltrated from Mexico , where they had been organized and suppliet by Guate_ malan Communist exiles with the knowledge of the Cuban embassy _ This group was held for military court mar- tial and there has been no further word of disposi- tion 8 Five Communists arrested in early December in the act of posting propaganda were released after several days of detention On 14 February 1963 13 Communists including two members of the centrai com- mittee were arrested on charges of subversion and planning an insurrection , and are still held _ Several of these had traveled to Cuba but there is no evi- dence of any training 9 The reported leader of the Guatemalans known to have received guerrilla warfare training in Cuba Ricardo Ramirez de Leon = returned to Guatema la alone on 17 April 1962 and went underground He was most recently reported scouting the Sa lama area for pos _ sible arms cache sites The Guatema lan Communists #T recently formed 2 "military commission divided into secret cells to direct insurrectional activity , pos _ sibly due to begin in June or July: "24- SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 28 ================================================== Page 29 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 HAITI 1 There is no firm evidence on legal or illegal travel from Haiti to Cuba The traffic, if any , is probably small _ We believe tbere is clandestine movement by small boat between the two countries 2 _ More than 50, 000 Haitians live in east- ern Cuba 9 concentrated around Santiago. Most are employed 26 cane field laborers . 3 Exile sources claim that 400 of these workers have been trained for subversive activities and that some- of the trainees have already returned to Haiti We have no Supporting evidence however , have detected no returning trainees, and know of no pro-Castro paramilitary groups in Haiti 4 There are two clandestine Communist parties in Haiti, The leader of one of them, Rene Depestre, is in Cuba and reportedly works on Cuban propaganda beamed at Haiti_ 5 The only known incident involving Communists was an attempted demonstration at the U,S Embassy on 31 October Advance warning from a clandestine source within the Communist party, who said the instructions for the demonstration came from Cuba enabled police to forestall the incident Severai of the youths involved may have been detained briefly by tbe police_ 6 No Haitian occupying any position of in- fluence is known to have received any training in Cuba _ =25- SECRET HY 50955 Docld:32283208 Page 29 ================================================== Page 30 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 HONDURAS 1 There were 92 legal' travelers from Hon - duras to Cuba in 1962 and 21 to date in 1963 _ Twelve travelers continued to Soviet bloc coun- tries . Most of the travel to Cuba was for one or two weeks, precluding any extensive paramilitary training, but a definite correlation can be es- tablished between the return of Hondurans from Cuban visits and the intensity of propaganda and labor agitation Honduran exiles: in Cuba carry on a virulent propaganda campalgn over Radio Ha = vana , calling for revolution 2 There are no known Honduran paramilitary formations 0 and other Central American Conmunists are known to have criticized the Honduran Commu- nist Party for lack of militancy _ The PCH ob- tained a series of 16 different military manuals in October , 1962 including manuals on the use of the carbine, expiosives 9 and demolition techniques . 3 As in the case of Costa Rica , there are guerrilla units of Nicaraguan exiles based in thinly patrolled Honduran frontier areas receiv_ ing support from Cuba and raiding sporadically into Nicaragua in the hope of sparking a mass up- rising. One group under Carlos Fonseca Amador has about 40 men 4 . Since 1 January 1962_ there have been only two arrests for subversive activity in Honduras Neither man is known to have received training in Cuba, and both were released after short detention without trail Three other individuals have been charged with subversive activity but no action was taken 5 < Hondurans in leading organizational pO- sitions known or believed to have received train- ing in Cuba include : Labor Manuel Noe Rodriguez Reyes 9 Flores _ mila Castro, Luis Banegas Izaguirre 9 Sebastian Suazo Lopez, Jesus Otavio Hernandez, Darios Hector Toledo, Regina de Lainez, Anibal Moradelo, Felex Vanencia, Ramon Sabillon Orellana , and Guadalupe Reyes -26_ SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 30 ================================================== Page 31 ================================================== SECRET Students : Randolfo Espinsosa Mourra, Rolando Orellano Cruz, Oscar Duron, Ulises Ekonomo Torres , Carlos Falck Contreras 9 Jorge Arturo Reina Idiaquez, Leonidas Velasquez Funes ,, and Rodil Rivera Rodil Communist Party Dionisio Bejarano Ramos, Luis Manuel Zuniga , $ Agapito Robledo Castro, Rigoberto Padilla Rush, Feliciano Protillo Lara, Gustavo Andara Bulnes , Sebastian Suazo Lopez, Longino Becerra, Mario Sosa Navarro, Luis Andres Pineda Villalabos, and Rodolfo Aguiluz Berlioz_ Wonen Antonia Suazo Bulnes Gladas Tablada Ortiz, Rosa Suarez de Moncada, Diana Maria Gomez, and Constanza HH _ 6 Caballero; Education : Medardo Mejia Paniagua and Mariano Mendez Avila . -27 - SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 31 ================================================== Page 32 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 MEXICO 1 Mexican natlona ls traveling to Cuba totaled 238 in 1962 and 157 in the first two months of 1963_ 2 A fairly reliable source reported in mid- 1962 that about 150 Mexicans were receiving guerrilla training at Minas del Frio , Cuba A',defecting Cuban Army lieutenant told the press in Brazll that 70 Mexicans were trained at his base at San Julian in late 1961 These reports are regarded wtth reserve , however particularly in the light of our knowledge that Cuba does not wish to damage its relations with Mexico 25 long 48 Mexico City is the principal Cuban "window" to Latin America 3 Arrests for subversive activities have not been numerous In the most recent case six professors and two students at the University of Morelia were ar - rested for participation in Fidelista protests over the dismissal of the University S Communist rector One teacher a Guatemalan Communist militant who visited Havana for 17 days in 1961 is still imprisoned and will probably be deported_ Another professor had prob- ably visited Cuba 4 A Nicaraguan Communist was deported In January and an Argentine Communist newsman in Novenber 1962 for 'pro-Castro activities Two Cubans were ar_ rested on arrival in_February 1962 and deported as agitators 5 _ Mexican government agents on 24 1962 killed Ruben Jaramillo Mexican Communist and guer- rilla fighter at Morelos and subsequently arrested one of his guerrilla associates Jorge Martinez Rosillo, who had been a friend of Raul Castro since the Castros training period in Mexico Jaramillo had been invited to Cuba in 1961 but there 18 no record of his travel; Martinez Rosill0 was in Havana for 20 days in 1961 6 Communist factions have touched off numerous disturbances at the national university in Mexico City and provinclal universities Anti-Communist Rrr 28 = SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Fage 32 May ================================================== Page 33 ================================================== SECRET students charge that direction material and financial support for these disturbances i6 channeled through students who have received train- Ing in agitation while visiting Cuba as 'athletes 18 More than 50 Mexican students attended the Latin American University Games In Cuba last October 7 Mexican authorities continue to confiscate large amounts of propaganda from travelers return- ing from Cuba For example three students at Morelia attempted to bring ioo kilograms of propa _ ganda material into Mexico on 31 August 1962 8 Mexicans who have visited Cuba and probably received training or directives Include more than 30 prominent writers _ 9 teachers and leftist party leaders -29_ SECRET HI 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 33 ================================================== Page 34 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 NICARAGUA 1 About 75 Nicaraguans have traveled to Cuba during the past 18 months Nicaraguan security authorities list 22 as known to have received guerrilla warfare training there 2 Of the 22, eight were arreated when they returned to Nicaragua to carry on anti-Somoza aC- tivities_ Two have been sentenced to prison and the other six were released after interrogation 3 Cuba has dealt with, financed 9' and sup- ported a succession of Nicaraguan exile move - ments but Guevara recently told visiting Cen- tral American Communists that none of these hid developed a satisfactory level of popular sup- port Nicaraguan exiles maintain small guer - rilla bands across the borders in both Costa Rica and Honduras, making sporadic incurions , but to date they have evoked no internal support and have been effectively rounded up or driven back by the Nicaraguan National Guard 4 , Eight Nicaraguans were tried in June , 1962 , for conducting terrorist training They were caught while studying the manufacture of bonbs under an instructor trained in Cuba Nic- araguan authorities seized arms , ammunition _ ex- plosives and 700 pounds of propaganda _ A Nic - araguan found with an arms cache in April 1962 reportedly told interrogators the arms had come fron Cuba A_ Nicaraguan who had gone to Cuba in mid-1962 , ostensibly for a surgical opera_ tion was caught shortly after his return with Suppiies of explosives intended for terrorist bombings 5 Altogether there have been five major subversive incidents in Nicaragua since 1 Jan- uary 1962 four of which involved individuals known or believed to have received training in Cuba Perpetrators of the fifth incident are un- known A total of 41 persons were arrested Nine- teen were held for an appreciable time, and 14 were tried and sentenced Seven of the total 41 are known or believed to have been trained in Cuba -30_ SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 34 ================================================== Page 35 ================================================== SECRET 6 _ A number of minor incursions into Nicaragua, mainly from the Honduran border, have been mounted by the Cuban-supported Communist_dominated National Liberation Front (FLN) At least nine of the FLN mem- bers engaged in these raids are known or believed to have had Cuban training. 7 _ Influential Nicaraguans known to believed to have received indoctrination and training in Cuba in- clude Carlos Adan Perez Bermudez, Eligio Alvarez Montalvan, and Reinaldo Viquez Ruiz, leaders of both the Nicaraguan Communist Party (PSN) and the Comnu - nist-front Republican Mobilization (MR) Francisco Rolando Alvarado Lopez, (PSN) leader of the Communist labor front (In custody) Ricardo Francisco Osejo Zeledon Orlando Quinones Torres and Guillermo Andres Baltodano Serrano, youth front leaders influential among students Juan Jose Lorio Garcia, PSN central committee member Adrian Sanchez Sancho, Communist labor leader- (still in Cuba ) Abdul Sirker Urroz, PSN leader (believed still in Cuba ) FLN leaders Marco Antonio Melendez Delgado (in custody,) Socrates Noel Flores Vivas, Ivan Sanchez Arguello, Orlando Quant Quintana, and German Pomares Ordonez . 8 Agapito Fernandez Garcia, a federal deputy of the Nicaraguan Conservative Party, was in Cuba for 10 days during the January anniversary celebration and may have received sone form or instruction or indoctrination -31- SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 35 ================================================== Page 36 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 PANAMA 1 . Panama lists 56 legal travelers to Cuba in 1962 and two thus far in 1963 Altogether however 64 Panamanians are identifled on the basis of their political: backgrounds and known length of stay in Cuba as probably having gone to Cuba for either political indoctrination or guer- rilla training Of these 64 , 38 a lmost certainly received guerrilla training 2 ., Eighteen guerrilla trainees returned to Panama in February_ 1963 after stays of four to six months Six were detained briefly by the Pana - manian security service and the 12 others who re_ turned a few days later were not arrested _ 3 Training for Panamanians apparently started at least as far back 23 1961 A guerrilla trainee from another country , attending 4 course with five Panamanians in July 1961 was told by Cuban in- structors that the Panamanians were being given more rigorous training than other nationals because they had special sabotage assignments in the Cana 1 Zone 4 We have however no indication of any paramilitary groups , activity, or training in Panama 5 _ Panamanian security authorities maintain no statistics on subversive incidents and many are not reported to central authority There have been a considerable number of minor incidents mainly by unknown perpetrators _ Other than continuing sabotage activity against the United Fruit Company installa- tions in Chirique Province the most spectacular incident was the brief declaration ot revolt last August by Manuel Jose Hurtado a former Panamanian major and 16 adherents Hurtado , 8 strong anti_ Communist was imotivated by personal problems 6 Since 1 January 1962 there have been about 67 individuals arrested some of them repeatedly for subversive activities_ Of this group eight are known -32- 0 SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 36 ================================================== Page 37 ================================================== SECRET to have received training in Cuba Some of the arrests were made to forestall subversive activity_ Panamanians in positions of influence known to have recelved training In Cuba include : Narclsco Cubas Perez and Cesar Jose Dubois leaders of the Vanguardia de Accion Nacional (VAN) which hopes to take part in 1964 elections Peasant leaders Leovilgildo Barrias de Garcia and Leonidas Alveo _ Leftist student activists Rolando Ernesto Carrasquilla 1 Jose Modesto Herrera , and Herminio Garrido_ Eliseo de la Hoz 9 Communist student leader Labor leaders Lacides Ceballos Andres Ga lvan , Inocencio Garibaldi Victor Manuel Lombardo , Jack White and Jose del Carmen Serracin the latter a leader of Chiriqui Province banana workers Jorge Pena and Felix Gonzalez Communist lead- ers among the San Blas Indians Ezequiel Rios municipal leader of La Chorrera 8 In addition, the following are believed to have received training or guidance in Cuba : Thelma King , national assembly deputy , who boasts of close personal friendship with Fidel Castro and has visited Cuba five times in the past year_ Senior VAN leader Jorge Enrique Turner Morales _ Miguel Porcell and Ruperto Luther Thomas , Communist leaders at the national level Alvaro Menendez Franco , member of the municipal council of Panama -33- SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 37 ================================================== Page 38 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 PARAGUAY 1 About 60 Paraguayan nationals traveled to Cuba in 1962 = It is estimated that over the past two years as many _ a5 120 have been in Cuba long enough to receive appreciable political or militar y training_ The preponderance of Paraguayan nationals visiting Cuba are tical exiles living in Uru- guay , Argentina 9 and Brazil 2 The Paraguayan Government forbids its nationals to visit Cuba but cannot control trav_ elers who visit neighboring countries which have Cuban missions and then proceed illegally to Cuba 3 There are no reports that paramilitary tralnees are active inside Paraguay _ There is con- siderable evidence that some returnees have joined exile formations waiting on the Paraguayan border for a favorable occasion for Incursions 4 _ Since January , 1962 at least 1 000 persons have been arrested for guerrilla sabotage terrorist or other subversive activity but only an estimated 140 were held for any appreciable length of time We know of only one scheduled for trial and none of those arrested is known to have received training In Cuba 5 _ Most of the arrests have stemmed from about 10 major incidents 9 of which two involved sabotage and terrorism one guerrilla activity } and the ree mainder subversion There is a rumor that the un- known individual who placed a bomb in an Incarnacion bank had been trained in Cuba Perpetrators of the other incidents have been identified , and none is known or believed to have received any training in Cuba 6 Federico Tatter and Anibal Garcete were re- ported to have: returned from Cuba in late 1962 Tatter to take over military direction of the United Front for National Liberation (FULNA) and Garcete to organize cane workers We know of no other Cuban trainees who may be in positions of influence among Paraguayans _ -34- SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 38 poli ================================================== Page 39 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 PERU 1 At least 181 Peruvians visited Cuba In 1962 on visits long enough to permit Indoctrination and according to an agent who participated 9 more than 150 of them were given guerrilla training Following the tralning 90 of these were designated by Peruvian leftist mflitant leaders as members of the "Peruvian National Liberation Army _ 2 Over the past two years more than 235 Peruvians have been 1dentified a8 travelers to Cuba Last De = cember two top Peruvian Communists safd that over the past year the militant Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR) had sent 200 to 300 Peruvians to Cuba in groups of 12 to 15, for guerrilla training . 3 An estimated total of some 5 ,000 persons have taken part in acts of sabotage terrorism assaults on police outposts bank robberies land invasions destruction of haciendas strike violence and riots The ruling junta in January launched 8 major round-up and arrested 729 Communists and leftists of whom we estimate that 50 to 100 may have been trained in Cuba There are still 209 in jail of whom only one 1s 2 known Cuban guerrilla trainee The junta has announced 8 series of mass trials to be held in Lima and provincial centers charging the violence was part of a Sovlet- Cuban conspiracy to make Peru a Communist state In the course of the violence there have been 18 killed , including four police and 165 wounded 4 _ Out of a total of 137 recorded acts of vio_ lence 49 were clearly sponsored or controlled by Communist elements Three Cuban nationals and four Peruvians trained in Cuba were identified among leaders of the striking miners who caused damage estimated at 84 , 000 ,000 to the Cerro de Pasco smelter at La Oroya In December The Cubans have not been apprehended 5 _ The violence in the Quillabamba-Cuzco_Puno area is attributed to the Indian and peasant guerrillas of Hugo Blanco Local officials estimate Blanco 's force at 2 ,000 _ but this is probably an exaggeration Blanco and his lieutenants are not known to be Cuban - trained or Cuban-supplied -35_ SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 39 ================================================== Page 40 ================================================== SECRET 6 Some of the 158 guerrillas known to have been trained in Cuba have been' in hiding and inactive ever since the January round-up and others are known to be waiting outside the country The MIR leader Luis de la Puente Uceda was believed to be in Cuba and now is in Europe 7 Guerrilla groups have sporadically attacked police stations for weapons and robbed banks for funds MIR members teamed with common criminals in 11 1962 in a 8100 , 000 bank robbery in a suburb of Lima dividing the proceeds 50-50 _ Part of the loot is believed to have reached Hugo Blanco MIR has brought in from Cuba a reported 5,000 copies of a special minlature edition of Alberto Bayo S guer- rilla handbook There is also 2 manual on guerrilla operations based on Bayo 's and Guevara 8 books but written specifically for Peru _ 8 Peruvian police in March 1962 broke up a smal1 guerrilla training operation and determined that among thoge arrested one was a former resident of Cuba } another had received Cuban training in clan- destine operations and a third caught with radio equipment admitted having used it to communicate with Cuba The local guerrilla candidates were is sued kits including rifles of Czech manufacture All of those arrested were soon released but some were re-arrested in the January round-up_ 9 Prominent Peruvians who may have received indoctrination on visits to Cuba include nine student and youth leaders including two presidents of student organizations seven leading journalists three labor union leaders ; and nine former members of parliament _ -36 - SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 40 Apr ` ================================================== Page 41 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 URUGUAY 1 There were about. 115 legal travelers to Cuba from Uruguay in 1962 and an additional 20-25 in Janu- ary 1963 _ About 25 mainly Paraguayan exiles resident in Uruguay , are believed to have traveled illegally _ 2 Probably no significant portion of the Uru- guayan travelers went for guerrilla warfare tralning _ Cuba apparently wants to preserve Montevideo which is host to the most extensive Communist diplomatic mis _ sions in a1l South America as a gateway and base of operations as in the case of Mexico_ 3 Cuban subversion activity oriented toward Uruguay appears to consist largely of developing and maintalning enough political action and propaganda assets to counter any Uruguayan inclination to oust or restrict the activities of Cuban and Bloc missions 4 . The only' arrests for sabotage occurred dur the recent electricity and telephone strike which arose from worker grlevances and had no Cuban connec - tion All of those arrested were released within a week -37 _ SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 41 ing ================================================== Page 42 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 VENEZUELA 1 We have no acceptable figure on Venezuelan travel to Cuba Lialson services maintain no records and have no such capability. 2 Reports from travel control points show 128 Venezuelan nationals traveling to Cuba 9 but only 48 returning The names of most of those returning do not appear on the lists of those who went to Cuba In the few cases where round-trip travel can be estab- lished the stay was generally short We must con- clude that Venezuelans who went to Cuba for training traveled at least one way , and in some known instances both, clandestinely 3 On the basis of usually reliable agent reports , we believe that more than 200 Venezuelans received guer-_ rilla warfare training in Cuba in 1962_ Castro has made it plain that he assigns the first priority for revolution to Venezuela 4 _ At present there are probably about 100 men involved in the Venezuelan Communist Party (PCV) para- military command attempting to terrorize the Federal District of Caracas Sources in both the PCV and the Government of Venezuela estimate there are another 300 guerrillas_ in the field although we know of no more than 150 , in smal1 units of about 20 men who are under coordinated PCV command Including terrorist groups of university students and paramilitary party formations in Maracaibo and other large cities the total number involved in violence probably does not erceed 600 Only seven known to be engaged in these operational are known to have been in Cuba long enough for training _ 5 _ The PCV however in the first months of, 1963 has proven itself capable of implementing the terrorist and sabotage operations which last October it could only plan Organization and coordination have 1mproved and sabotage has reached a level of sophistication In tech- nique and materials which implies elther the presence of outside experts or else a highly advanced stage of training _ -38 - SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 42 ================================================== Page 43 ================================================== SECRET 6 The guerrillas committed thenselves to field operations prematurely in 1962 and denied support or sympathy by the peasantry who are strongly pro-Betancourt were rounded up or dispersed _ A total of 139 were tried by special military courts last fall following the Puerto Cabello and Carupano revolts _ More than 110 were g1ven substantial prison sentences Four at the most are believed to have been in Cuba long enough to receive training _ 7 Altogether there have been an estimated 1,000 to 1,500 arrests since the beginning of 1962 but there have been no trials or jail sentences other than those of the guerrillas mentioned above All others were held for varying lengths of time most of then for less than 90 days . Most of those arrested have been re- leased either for lack of evidence or by civil judges who are generally either inefficient or open to cor_ ruption Possibly 50 of those arrested may have re= ceived some training in Cuba_ but government inter_ rogators have So far been unable to obtain any admis- sion of Cuban training_ and no travel records are maintained which would give leads for such interroga_ tion 8 The number of incidents leading to arrests are estimated at 250_ The principal incidents have been the uprisings of the Puerto Cabello and Carupano garrisons ; the October / November sabotag e of the Lake Maracaibo oilfields; the hijacking of the freighter Anzoategui in February and the earlier theft of five French pa ntings from the Museum of Fine Arts; burning of the Sears_Roebuck warehouse and dynamiting of high- way bridges in February; pipeline sabotage in March ; the recent capture of two PCV paramilitary groups a bank robbery in February by men wearing the armband 99 of the Communist Armed Forces of National Libera_ tion 01 (FALN) and the indiscriminate shooting in Caracas in January and February In the wave of ter- rorism designed to deter Be tancourt S visit to Washington _ 9 The majority of the Communist-directed inci- dents have been carried out by members of the PCV paramilitary groups who in general have not them- selves had Cuban training , but are trained and di- rected by instructors who have in turn been trained in Cuba and in some cases in Communist China -39 - SECRET HW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 43 ================================================== Page 44 ================================================== SECRET 10 Voice radio transmitters In Caracas and in outlying cities have been heard in conversa - tion with 8 voice transmitter in Cuba 11 Principal personalities known or believed to have recelved training In Cuba Include : Members of the PCV central committee : Guillermo Garcia Ponce Rafael E_ Martinez } Radames Larrazaba l Alonso Ojeda Olaechea 9 Douglas German Lairet , and Joaquin Araujo Ortega Other political leaders : Simon Saiez Merida Americo Martin 2 Romulo Henriquez Jr - and Domingo Alberto Rangel of the extrenist Movement Of the Revolutionary Left (MIR) Fabricio Ojeda , Jose Vincente Rangel } and Victor Jose Ochoa of the URD Labor leaders : Cesar Millan Horaclo Scott Power Hector Marcano Coello Laureno Torrealba Helo Cruz Villegas and Vicente Pinate Student leaders : Alfredo Maneiro , Freddy Munoz Jose Rafael Tenorio Alcides Villalba Jose Linares 9 Hector Rodriguez Bauz and Julio Escalona Educators Hector Mujica Fruto Vivas, Humberto Cuenca } and Jose Vincente Scorza _ -40 - SECRET HY 50955 Docld:32283208 Page 44 Bravo , ================================================== Page 45 ================================================== SECRET 27 March 1963 OTHERS 1 There have been about 40 legal travelers from British Guiana to Cuba Some Latin American travelers couId Te carried without much chance of detection on Cuban freighters hauling rice Local papers and opposition parties have- charged tbat some of the students sent to Cuba did not have proper academic qualifications for their studies, implying their travel, Was for other purposes There are no rellable reports, however , that any Guianese have received subversive training in Cuba . Any Cuban training for British Gutanese would pre _ sumably be designed to support rather than sub 0 vert the government of Premnier Cheddi Jagan _ There have been no arrests for subversive activity, and no incidents of terrorism, sabotage, or subversion There have been riots, but not Cuban-connnected 2 Jamaica sent 593 legal travelers to Cuba in 1962 9 probably accounted for largely by the 20 _ 25,000 Jama icans resident in Cuba There is no evidence of guerrilla training for any Jamaicans, and there have been no arrests for guerrilla, sabotage , or terrorist activity Subversion is con - fined largely to public oratory defying the Jamaican authorities A British Guianese Communist studying in Jamaica, who is believed to have received train- ing in Cuba , instigated a demonstration in front of the U,8 Embassy in October, 1962 9 by six members of the "Friends of Cuba Committee; 10 one Communist was arrested , fined 0 and released 2s a result for "obstructing traffic_ 9f Two university instructors and two other teachers are believed to have re- ceived indoctrination in Cuba 3 Surinam and Trinidad report no subversive incidents 9 no arrests, and no evidence of Cuban subversive training for any of their nationals Trinidad listed two legal travelers in Cuba in 1962 -41- SECRET HI 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 45

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