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14-Q0000 104-10225-10027 2025 RELEASE UNDER THE PRESIDENT JOHN F KENNEDY ASSASSINATION RECORDS ACT OF 1992
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Harpington Fevzlations AS: {g G!ve A~Pu"ifiON T0 Tw:
POLitical IcTEAEsts 0f. (SENAToA ) Ket EdY ; 3 ) T0 coNtINue The
AnTI-ChIlEA" CakpaiGN Hhich [nfeimitiotia! CoXkiniSM Heajs
And Has Greetly [Nfiltrateu Tne Acacemic X" ?0L [Ticbi
cincles Suppgfting Kennedy ; C) VIrect 7 !92 At ThE Ch[LEa DAILY
4AOSE Publ icBf{anS AnD 0 P [NIonS Seem Jg KinE Fhe Stronges}
[mpact INfeematiONALLY,
2 , El MERCUa { 0 FurthER cOmkEits ThRt Laafington Attic" !5
AN ATTEMP[ T9 Ikpede The Econo*IC jevelgekent 0f Chile (S?:)
ANd d!RectLy cornects WiTh HORLD" [DE ScVfeT CampaiGN "Tg SfRangLe
Qur Govewnkent Even AT The Cost 17 (Caus [*S) HUnGER F0R
RECOED: CIfY 4s - 126 - 3
17 'ep I4
==================================================
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14-QQQQQ
Voc J0iy
"1 M': M
cablt A6 4 1)1#91 M:al (upijs MUm
mipav'iueTion Otmir Tmam $ E C A E Tt Hmuino Optice Paomidited
"maON MMI Nuiibitu
Staff
ADYANCI Cop JbpvIp Baoi/I4
Aciiom Uni
af File Va
ActioN
422494 E14951 Page J2 IN 362715
ToR; 1716422 SEP 74 SAS0 J0 33 8
The ChIlEan Pe 0PLe Whrle The GRanERiES 0 f The Un [Ted States ARE
EMPT Ied F 0R Russia ,"
3 _ Aftek Touch[NG SEVERAL Other B4 SE S, EL Mercur [ 0 ConzLudes
8y uenying ThAt There HAS EvER JeeN Any "Unconfessable "
{ncome In ITS history , EL MErcur [ 0 ' $ 80 0KS were SubJEct T0 MoSt
ThoRqugh AND hostile Scrutiny DUr [ Ng The MARXiST Regime Hithout
Anyone Ueing A8LE To Specify [AREGUlARITETES = Tmeretore , EL
Mercur [ 0 REJects "With Legitimate D[SDA IN THE [RRESPONS BLE
ChaRges MA DE B y CLOSE COLLAborator 0f MR _ Kennedy And
FeeLs Author ized T0 CoNJecture ThAt The Attack 1S ThE Fauit
0f JOURNAL iSTic [RRESP ONSfaIiTY 0R 0f The Animosity 0f The
Adviscrs 0f President!AL candidate who IS StoppEd Since
SEVERAl YeaRs Ag 0 IN AIS Amo[tions 6 % ThE MORAL EXAMINATION
0f AS ACTions T0 which Hs HAs been SUbJEcTED In H[S Country" ,
PXes]CENT {0rd'$ STATemeNTS 0 N ChLE Fa 0M H[S 16 Septembea
News conference Kere CARRIEd: IN 6 Y "EL mercur [0 " Under Frot
Page KEAdL NG "F0fd : ` U,5, Had Nothing T0 00 Hith FALL 0f AlLENDE , '
There WAS NO Editorial comment In "EL Hercur [ 0 " AND NO News Qa
Editqa [AL cO VerAGE 0f The RRES DDENJ ' 5 Statement In "LA Tercera m _
5 E, c" 8 E /
FuLl
==================================================
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14-QQQQQ
Tuhm Wil
1.1 [ W' , 1 1i
Labi. #e (6600
Hucbouuciion Otmir Tmar S E c R E 1 idauinu Otpici i0 Prohibited
SIRaOmUmi Mummu
STAFF
AOYANCE cui: !BOuu s[oll:
Actidm umi
Av Tile Vh
Action
22 E14951 Page: 23-23 In 362715
Tor:1716422 Se? 74 SA Gq 30 3J 0
MRS , Allewie'$ LttGck Against SecaetAFy KissiNGeR WAS CARR[Ed In
"LA Teacema" 66; #C; [# "EL mercur {0 "
5 , Tbrh:i; TaE Exaggerated Postt (0 N IT Kas 0 N The REvele
Tons, EL Yercl?[0 Has Left ItseLs VULMERAELE inG EmbARRASSed
anj cotTaadicte? 6Y Statexemts Such As The PFEs[dentis) THAT ARe
Moae accukate ?FEsektatioms 07 what went 0 N In ChIce Pre-cquf =
EL Meacuxi 0 Kay. ~ell Have Takuf ' This POS [T [0t JEcAusE, 8ES IpES
Theia RIGr{-'l" VIens, The curaent MawaGEmett I5 GenuineL Y
[Gngaint 0f The {umding ihat T00k PLace Kheh {uarg-2 WAS Runn[nG
The Shoh , fuen;g-2 4ho SCHEDULed To Return !C ChIle 18 September,
AAS TOLd COS TheT K0 0*E CuarentLy aT EL HeRcur | 0 Knows 0f FuNd-
ImG , EvE^ cuasext minisTer 06 Economy LENZ CoES No t Know DETA[LS
bu 4ad Susp [EI3* A30ut Infusi oN 07 @UNds That To0 k PLacE In U.P ,
ERa, WE KIlL Ktfempt To KoNiToR InTeRNAl EL Kercuri 0 ReactiQn
Througm FueriG-2,
6 _ F ILe: ceser , E2 IMPdet
S € c R E T
I
Iofbe _
==================================================
Page 40
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14-QQQQQ
#c str Dissty 0+
32
PIR WcMl ftr ? :E5
"Soy unit NOTi d_ S: € CRZ) nr Phoolttisy ny atpi4 Tm #uin0 uffics 18 paomieiti
c {cer LSsuRELDIIED Stiff
Ion Unit Af File Vn 8 {s83 ~]esleg?
4/oesJiz,
Joz
IZahcf
2 Secues,
ecdek
4;918j :8466d 68 31 In 361J62
ToR;16:5162 SE? 74 SAGO 32J18
$ & C R E T 1615127 SEP 7$ StAff
Cite SANTIAGO 30318
To : DJAEcTor,
RYjAT
REFS } A ,
satiago Ja293('p 3 58u99)
8 Santiago Embassy 5628 1+41o39
Q
1 EEiCuELoW QE 16_SEPZEMBER 192L Leik7ed entire PAGE 29
To MARR[Agto# FEVELAT[onS
A80Ut CA FUNDING IN ChiLe under
HeAWline "Ke#Edy Pi_An AgA Ii;st EL, MeRcUR CoVerAGE
'NcLudeu comfiete Text 07 HARR [NGTQN Letter T0 MA, THOMAS
MofgAN AnV Reprints 07 Seymour Hersch ARTICLE From "NEw
Yoak TIMEsm ANd AP DiSPATch Fr0h "#ASHINGTon STAR" , LaTter
Ident[Fy[NG "EL Mercur [0 " 4S Chilean NewSPAPER ALLESedLy
RECEIVING funds From CiA ,
ALSO IncLubEd 4 1J September AP
WEm DATE Li1E d wishiNGTon Quoting- Direcfor COLBy ThAt
"CTA WAS NQt [NVOlVEd In The MIlItary cou?".
2 , 0 0 No { K;ow FZASqNs ThT KotiVated "E4 MERcua'0"
{0 Puelish Exfexsiva coveaase. Jf Haasiagton REvela{ [ O^s,
Speculate Thev cEC}ced T0 TAKE CefexsivE T0 Atfe"{t 70
sMigate LAMASi:G NATure J7 The "ATERiAl A6a [NS; "EL
s & € R E T
GECORD COPY 1S - |2 & ~ 3
16 n-/
'Plau,
10 " .
Ser
==================================================
Page 41
==================================================
14-00000
'CTAL copils U4 >EC Oibbly 0v Dirrc0ijcti94 Otmr,0 Tnam issuimg Cttice (s rronimitd 5 € C R E T
umit NoTifiED
StaFf
~Cl_GOPI LBsekoILRLUED
{C4 Unit RF File Vr
iGN
619138 6:4868 PaGE '2 {N 361362
ToR;2615352 SEp 74 Saso 33 318
MERCuR [ 0 " Itselt = Tme HEADL iNE ANd 1 ShoRT EdiToR[AL comment
{trojuciNg Aagve CoVeRAGE descsi8es These deveiOpkents
:5 "NEh ANd GaJTeszue EpISOde In The ANTI-CHILEAN CAMPA[GN#
AnD ATtekptS 7 0 Tie RepresentATiVE HaRfington CLOSEL Y To
Senator Eorar? Kemmedy (whO HAS SInce The Cou? Been under
Steady AftAck Heae F0R MIS CRiticism 0 & Thz MILITARY [NteR -
Ve:tion AN? Suesecuent Events IN ChiLE) , "EL MeRuc[Ro" MAKES
{JNNECTION Wi7a #cent REvELAT !onS: Fz?, HarR;ngton 8Y
4 +
"El MERCUR [6"; 67 ## ARticLe FROm "CC CALLS" "hch CEALT With
CHa?paqu!dizk Xn 4 MANNER UNFAVORAsLE To SenatoR KENNEdy,
3 [ "EL YERCuRi0" AesPoNSE, HowEveR, WILL HAVE NET Effect
0f RA[SiNG MORe CuestioNs HERE ThaN It A#SERS , ThIS Inc?eased
PUBL icITy KILL InCREAsE Pressure 0N And FOSSIELy. scruitiny 0f
STAT K.0N ASSEts InvGlved ANd May Affect ThcsE Not D [Fectly
INOLVec, 0x 13 Septemb:?, fupocket-1 Was QuEstIONd 9y
News eek Ae?QAfer Here AJ0ut AS KNgKLedge 0/ Fund iNG,
{lpjcket-: Ze8ied ALL KnJ Lejge 07 A#y funs'#g {fgm 70Re[gN
SouRces, Ce:::ls F0Li SEPARATE CisLe,
4 RE#Wes; H:S Keep StatioN UP-TG-Eate Qw 'y PLINS oR
F8;f=Ete :csf;*5 Ij
cantInUe 1*Vestig:tien 0 = Revec:iionS,
C-R 6
70n
48
24*
==================================================
Page 42
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14-QQQQQ
'OLe #f Dissv 07 AL
Biraductiom (17 01mi0 TPc
Vry Unit notiind_
S E c R € T isduinc ortice 19 "nomoint(
20 uCCPLUSSVED_SLOLLED Sfjfe
:TiCi LniT
Rf FiE Va
4-tCr
49:06 E/4668 FAGE C JeC3 In 361362
T0Rf1615362 SeP 74 SjG0 39310
5 , FILE' Defea , E2 IMPdet
5 E € .R E $
==================================================
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14-QQQQQ
1.71 Wc, Jm
Cabli #(c uingiM P5s:OPUE 2l-
Ipmoductiom 0tai S E C A E | idduino Opvici Dromid
penbon!Unit Noticied
StaFe
AUYAHCLSQE_ Liue_SLQLUD
ion Umi
File VR
9ss3
PD?
Xiom
LJlel Yesleo3
crlez
41I7JTJ Tnijo PaGe 0J IN 358699
T0R/1218062 SEP 14 SAGO J0293
S € C 'R E T 1217112 SE P 74 Staff
cite SANTiAGO J0293
Tq $ diRector ,
RYBAT
Refs / A directoR 5954 82 1s4,CH
8 SANTiago 30253
(213549/0)
F OLLowing SIAILON_AGENIS HERE_CONIACIED, PEai 0d 0 -1 0
september, In conmection Witm Reterence REVELAT]ons, Their
COMmenTS and RZAct [ONS F OLLOH,
2 , 7 Yermine-: CoNCerned But" ReLiEvEd THA T NO NAHES were
Hent i0NEd, commented ThAt Timing WAS Exceptionakly 8a D
SIncE T CoINc [ded ExactLy EDUARdo FRei's ARPIVAL' IN The
U, S, Nd HE WoNdeRed Whether This Kad beeN DEL [BErate,
fuermine"1 ASkEd Hhether we Believed There HQULD be further
InvestiGA!ION 0r HEd[A PLAY IN The 'U,5 , RE?Lied That We
D [ D NqT KnOH But WOULD KEeP HIM InfoRhEd , HE I5 Traveling To
GeRmany ON 22 September AT Inv itation 0f INternatioNAL
Co 0pErati0n InstiTute (west Gerhan CHRISTaN demucrats) .
DuriNG HiS TrP HE Will check his numbered account F0r The
ARRVAL 0f REcenT funds , In View 0r Ref devELOPMents, HE
15-126~ 3
RECORD copY
102 24
HIth;
ser
==================================================
Page 44
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14-QQQQQ
1. WG 1 '1
ca0i HIC uidiin I0al (Opi$
"irauducTiub Oimia S € C A € T ibuino Opoico 10 phomidi PIhsom Umi Nommc
ADYANC[ SQeI(dvI;_#C
Stase
Acion imit RF File Va
Action
911JIJ 814140 Page 02 In J39652
ToR 121006 2 SE ? 74 SaGo J2 29]
Dqes NOt Plin To immediately TransFer AoniES Mitc chile, He
Returninq ChiLE VA New Yohk And chicago ANd PLanS T0 Meet
With FRei '5 Qctobea IN New York, fuermine-1 expressed The
Op [NIqN That ThE Junta HILL Ne iTher RA ISE TmE Matter Witm
EABASSy NjR Puasue further SincE It IS Vot Im Yheia
[nteaest Tq 0q S 0 ,
2 , Fu?iG-2 REcEived News CALMLY But WAS KoSt concerned
Abqut [KPL[citiOnS 05 Effects 0f The RevELATiONS And expressed
0P In[QN TMAT System In Washingtom SHULd BE' Changed
Pkev
T0 Zent Sufh Leaks, Ke WAS ReLieved That EL Murcur [ 0 HAS NOt
Ment[oneC By Name (But HE ARE SkepticAl THAT I HILL NOT AE
EASILY [dENrir[Ed IM AnY Sub Se (uENT CoHmeNtAAY } , Fubr [Gej
ThouGht IT SWite P0ss | BL E JuntA MAy Wonder I5 Usc STILL Not In
S0 ME MAY Si?pdatinG Pdc, WhiCh 0 7 CouR SE JunTA HQuLd 5 nd
Host UNacee?tasle,
{uef nE-5 AL S0 To0K The News CAL HL Y A8gut REVELATIon
0f 59,22 iTey 0R TraVEL 07 PdC LEADERS, KJILE Shaking AtS
HEAD 480uT Jhe Leaking 0 F Such MatTers , He aELIET'ES ThAT The
REVELATICN, Gcess IT I5 Hade Much Hore SpEcIF!c 8 y Subsequent
INVESTiGA{ifas Nj PUBLIGLEY KILL nOT cause H[m PRO BL Em ,
5 E-€
LC
==================================================
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14-QQQQQ
7; 1 "
Anie Sec Dinse m 9y #uDuuuition DY OthiR 5 € C R E ? i8ui8o Opficr 19 #aomibi
PiSscN 44 Motinieo
Staff
:iYCLSAl( IBUID_ILQIL(D
Atizy Vi: RF File VR
M
Acticn
Tijt3 Ei^ia@ PAGe 0 J in J59699
Tor/121886 ? SeP 74 SAgq J0293
co.S ideRs The F4 [iure To [DENtify The deLega T oN AS
JE!xG Pdc And (incorRecTLy ) AS HAK[NG 4 Tour 0f LatIn
AmE?icam RAther Than EUr qPean CApiTAls NILL LEAD Awa Y FR Om
PropeR [dentification, stnce The Funds THAt PASse? ThRough Ais
HAAJs Kere App RoXimA TELy $4, 09 @ AT Tke Then LocaL {ree maRket
RaTe (45 0 PPosEd T0 STATioN Spending RATE) , ME fEeLs ThAT Thts
#fLL ALS) Help Hide Pa operR I DENt [fication EvEN within The PdC
0f This Funding,
5 , F UP OCKET-1 WAS Informed 0F Di SCLoSure 0 F 325, 00 9 FcR
PuRchASE 0f RA D / 0 STATION O 8 SepTembeR , WAS Visibly
Di STuR bE D UP on hearing news AND COhmented "Y0u PEWPLE Need
To ChaNGE Your System S0 That Such NErs does
No T Get QuT, " StaTEd ThA T NO 0 NE Within AIS GR OUp
Kaex ThA? He GAVE Money 0N The SidE To Purchase ThiS RAD } 0
STATigN ANd ThAt N0 Records were made Cf HIS PART IN The DeAL,
HE Rexaaked That The FOrmeR OwNeR 07 The STATion IS
S0f{ALIST And UNLIkely To DiScUSS ThE TERMS 0F
The SALE Since
ILLESAL Money TransaCTioN InVOlved, FupockeT-1 ARoh iSed To Keep
US ADvisEd 0F Any 8L Ow-back,
6 , 0N 18 September? fubaRGa ] N-j SA }D That Seneral Pinochet
S E c R E T
079
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14-QQQQQ
0L.0 Liaet '0Jailonin p
0ip#Wuuciiom Othib 5 6 C R € T 000 VivilI Daumi 0{Ac0mi.Umii Woiiifu)
SMAaSQE LyaviC_BLOUEL
STAF6
ac1in;e Unit Mp FILE VF
Atich
1 A11J1J E1A16z Paqe 34 350699
Toa/1216262 SEp 74 5463 J229J
D id nqt seem Very upset &ut commerted In {ubarg4;0-1'$
2
presemce ThAT The CIScLJSure "Seemed T0 Be
4,Dzy
{iing To
Dq , " 50r The f1A5t Tine IN Qur ReLATiONSH[P Hit? Slbaega[N-:,
He Showed His Unhap? [mess At WhaT He 5EELS 1S GAc Ng Evidenze
07 USG IncompaehEns [ Oli 07 Goc , Sa [0 He
And. 0thea SEni0a 0ff icers Who Have Traveled Tg S3r"5
An) Aae MoRE FAmIliar #ith The Hay Usg 5[ncTi0#S UlD PaatiasLy
'Undersfanu current U,5,6, Attitudes And Actions. :41d Host
Juni0R 0fficers, Hohever, Are incaeasingly: Upset s93,
CqNcerned A8 di t What They FEEL IS 0, $,
FALCre T0 0e A "60 00 Trendm 0f Chile DEsP TTe Tre {Mp0rtant
SacRifiCES That HAve 3eew Ma de Here In The WOrlc m:16
cokkunist STRUGGLE,
1 , AccqrdinG To {ueeagain-1, Host Chileam 65s;2235 VIEw {he
REVELAT[OMS and 1hE [3 Thing As 4 Del iberate Atfer; By
sectqa 0 f U,5, G, (ALBEit Thz Legislative 0 RA nCh)
To DEL !bErateL Y damage JuNtA ANd 'aLsELy cast dol;?
ON Their Indep endence 44) ROLe In Ba ING [ Nq down Jcle8:e, 0ff {Fea5
HAVE added This Latest BLOH To What They conS { DEf 0e 0,5, 50gT-
dr Agg[NG On SUPPLy Inq ChiLE AAmS UagEnTL Y Needed 6;3 :EfEnse
3-6 < R
Z0
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Umm 1M1m:J %
LaoLl S[C 0issiv eri?
5 & c R E T Ripruductiom Ov Otmir P{mdon;Unit Aotitid ibuimg Ozvici i0 promidi
AUYANCLC EI WISUID_840L'AD Stass
^ction Unit
Rf File Vr
Action
JJJ: EAaq PaGe 05-05 Jm J58699'
Tor11218062 SEP 74 S4g0 J0z9]
AgaiaST Pe Ru And U,5, Fa iLure No t ONLY To ASSIST, But ActualLy
To Contribute Towards, Pr qbLEhs 05 ChiLean Ihage
AbRo ac , Sum Is That CHIlean 0ff Icer Cor ps 0eccm ing
increasinGLy 0AffELEd And ResentfUL AB Out U.9, Ac:Jrding T0 This
Source
0 FILEi defer _ E2 Impdet
5 E C R E T
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CEFIDENTIA L, ~wTlly
KODLEMS AND PROSPFCTS FOR
E COMMUNICATIONS Fe
MEDIA I: ALLENDE'S CHILE
Cs c 6 6G
HIGHLIGHTS
Since Presidcnt Allendc'8 clectoral victory in 1970,
thc Government propnganda aPparatug ha9 Iwuritcd 3 coordinatcd campaign aicwt
the oppogition communicatior9
mcdiz focusing on thc
El Mcrcurio ncw8papcr chain andl kcy"
prcstigious
oppoaition radios "Tht rangc gon] i9 to crcatc concilions thint wiil insure
control ovcr thc mcdia 90 that in cmgculated
Governmcnl
intuitivcly and through gclf-ccnuorahip oppositiori mill opcralc
within an approvcd framework:
Tha OPpogition radio etations bear the brunt of an array of
andillegal devicco dcgigncd lo intimidatc thcm.
Thesc
lefa[
include th thrcat ol violcnct,
lavoritigm in tke
devices
eegential Govcrnment advertie=
distribution of
and Government-[omcnted
rcvenuc, tcmporary clogures,
etrikce_
Chile' $ national tclcvigion
thc only country-wide channel hao bccona important Proaginda insirumcn: {or the Goverercnh
But it i9 challerged: by a Catholic Univcrcity channcl
attempting to expand ite
Bervice
vhich io
bcyond thc arca.
Amajor confrontation between the Govcrnment and thc
lasting more than a-ycaf,
ha € taken placc
GemcaRd PhCc SppoGhiic"s
only important' privatc ncvsprint produccr-
with tnc
Chilc' 8
eupportcd by the oppo8ition rnedia
company
efforte to take ovcr thc firm_
stymyinj repeated Government
The papcr cGmpany claims that Government price policies have brough: %4 clope tO bankruptcy
Despite officially-Banctioned harassment,
thc opposition media have continued to (unction; taking advantagc of the [luid political
Bituation currcntly prcvailing in Chilc,
and have become increa eflective in exploiting the Governmcnt's conomic(comceancrd
growing disgengion within the ruling Marxist the
coalition.
Neverthcless. the opposition'8 cconomic base that suglaing
its mcdia i8 being slowly undermined a8
the Governimncnt
over the Chilean expand8 its control
economy. Many opposition medij Jre reportedly already in diflicult [inancial straits
Thc Chilean seeking to strengrhen it& voice in the Aiacch 1973 Communist
elections _ ha3 Zicady purchceed thee Aatclguercdoagic ssioron:
stations (one a former opposition gtation) in southern Chile_
CQNELDENTIAL
R -4-7} February 1973
Iong -
int
bcing
Santiago
singly
Party,
27 ,
==================================================
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Page 50
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COAFIDE:iTU !_
TII: THE ALLENDE PROCESS
HOv THE MEDIA ARE TREA TED
Allcnde'8 trcalment of thc
the pro-Govcrnment mcdia oppoeitic" mcdia and his utilizition o
claim that Chilc will
oflcf ccve:linp inoight
2 iuto thc uniquc
work of traditionai out il Socialict zcvolutio within thc
Bocial cogt,
bourgeoia and dcmocralic istil lionsinithouarc-
Chilean govcrnmcnt pobgcsecG
to control and inlimidatc mediw Bidle Powers that can be crployed
cyniciom to do 80_ despite thc
opporcgt8 Givcn suflicicnt will powcr
and
twicc-guarantecd, both
Sct that Iaedia frvcdoma in Chileoare
constitutional
in thc 1925' cone:itulion znl in a statute
guarantces agrccd to by Allcrdc'5 of
Andethe Christian Democrats (PDC) Popular coalition
Allende in the a @ 4condition [wr PDC Bupport (or election {n Septmbcc %97a.l run-off held cubecqucni lo thc pueofdcnoa]
1970,
What are somc of
provisiong of the Statc powcrg ? Chilean cxecutive undcr
zones by decrecehSndedbye militSccuritz Lar
may cglablish cmcrgency
to cnforce nevig
tensodabp Gni ;o reericacc;;
C mpowcring thc State
A on
and to regtrict cccss I0
Publicily abuse8
0 mpowverg txe
ncwsprint supplics .
courts t0 8u8pend acccss [o
zorernmcnt to pctition thc
that pose potential ncwg and information. (Iaawg on thc
eeverc and
threats to {rcedom 0f radio inform; books
more frcqucntly utilized.
See arc morc
Furthcrmore,
the judicious
Section III. B. Radio. )
State &nd 2utonomous State UGr,s parceling out of advertiging fror:
againat opposition media any govcrrment can discririnatc
revenuc,
by dcnying restricting this
sourcc 0f
Ucdke Predecesgor %overnments wkich
acccpted practices to
rcward
utilized cxisting laws and
partner8_ the Allende
political associates and
benefit busincs s applied thege meaesde Sovcarsst %as concistently and rcquentiy
morale of political
to harass _ [0 intirnidate, andl to underminc
are
and class opponcnts in tkc medinc the
applicd throughout thc 'Thesc taclic9
CONFIDEATIAL
R -4-73 Fcbruary 27, 1973
5
carry
Any
Unity
thcec An;
Jaw
tion
through
or kcy
country-
==================================================
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14-QQQQQ
CONFIDKNTIAL
A baoic
organizational techniquc (or the UT coalition ha; bcen !hc
cetabliehment of UP cominittecs (CUp Comit: dc Uuicd Pepulz)
comnposcd of,newamcn who Jrc
nilitant mcinncri Of pnfiz? bclong;tig
to
the Govcrnmeat coalition or indcpendent oupportcr8 o UP policies
in ncwgpapcre , radios, mngazincs, and in journalistic bodice: The
CUP' s -havc bcen most activc at thc union levcl: dciuding cxorbilant
wage incrcaocs insisting that UP cmploycet Lc Given thc right {o
cxpresg thcit on cditorinl paGC9, disrupting Icsitimate unicmn
mcctinge, forming rump union9, and lcaking; iulcrnal comjny dai to
thc leftiet prcs9 and to the Covernment:
Thc
of ccrtain Unidad Dopuler militants rcgarding frecdom o
the pree9 wj0 most
cxplicitly and revcalingly atated by thc orgnizing
committecc for 3 confercnce of Icftiet journnlicta which WJs held in
Santiago in April [971. Thc committec ibsued thc ollowing statcmcnt
prior to thc conference:
we belicve that wc muot fight for truc Erccdom o
thc pre89 which #ill only bc posoible ien therc is
truc cconomic independcnce. WYc nmintain tlat Chile
will have truc frcedom of the only whcn he mcans
of mass communication arc part 0f (nc Jro of socin
propcrty, that i9, Twhen thcy) bclong (o, &ll Chilcans
Thc pres8, radio, television, and thc theatcr must be
toole at the scrvice of libcration and culturc f our
pcople and not_ 7 priratc businegg, an idcological
battcring ran} of tie nationa]#nd forcign minority
(the capitalists) a9 i9 prcsently thc casc.7 (under-
lining added)
Another Btatement said "the mission of journalists i9 to $upport ind
0i defend the People'$ Governrent (thc CP) togcther with ali tkc workcrs_
The declaration also undcrlined the support of UP ncwsmen f0r
Viet - Nam, Cuba, and all the pcoplc that arc building Socialisn.
and threw a bouquet at Cuba'$ Prcnsa Latina agency [or its "objcctive"
reporting of the Chilean mcnon. Acnde himaclt lent lcgitircy
to the miseion of UP journalists in a epccch kicking off the confezence
when he gtated that "committed" newsmen must act 7 0 the "vanguzrd"
of the revolution by "clevating the political level of thc People;
Reiterating a theme expresscd on many other occasions_ Allende
a69erted that his Government would respect (recdlom of informution
while at the same time he lamented hib Government' $ "cxcessire
tolerance" for the opposition mcdia_
CONFIDENTML
R-4-73 Fcbruary 27, 1973 6
opinion
goal
pre6 0
phcnom
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14-00000
CONFIDENTIAL
A Pree 0
In the Santiago metropolitan arca, there arc fivc major
oppobition daily newepaper8 and onc imporlant ncutral daily,
L Tercera dc !Hera:
TABLE 2_ MAJOR OPPOSITION AND NEUTRAL DAILY NEWSPAKRS
Eatimatcdl Political
Title Circulation Orientation
El Mcrcurio 160, 000 Indcpcnccnt_ consarvativc
La9 Noticiae Ultimae 120, 000 Part 0f thc Mcreurio chain
La. Prenea 25, 000 Chriotian Democratic (PDC)
La Scgurda 60, 000 Part of thc Me:rcurio chain
La Tribuna 25, 000 National (PF) intercsus
La Tercera dc Ia Hora 190, 000 Independent
favoritc targct of thc Governmcnl and itj propaganda apparatus
hag bcen the congervativc, indcpendcnt dnily El Zercurio, dean of the
Chilean pre80 Jnd chicf rcpresentative of thc Taf/est anc mst influential
ncwepapcr chain in thc country. Tarrcd regulirly 19 "pro-U,S. M1 and
a0 a "gringo newspapcr written in Spanigh" potent accwsations in
Chile El Mcrcurio ha 9 borne thc bruct ofjevcry conccivablc kind of
preeeurc ohort 0f outright geizure,
On numeroue occasions the paper ha9 bccn implicated along with
other oppogition media in allcged scditioug plotg carricd out in concert
with forcign (i, c:, U.5,) intercsts to overthrow thc Governmcnt.
Advcrtigerg have been "requcsted" not ta: do busincs 8 with the Arcurio
8 chain, which had bcen accused of forcign exchange irregularitics Ty
tax authorities, by Government supportcrg on thc paper' $ own staft, and
by Allende hinieclf at public rallics_ Allendc, too pcriodically reacts"
to critical Mlcrcurio editorialg with chargeg that Chile #nc ( he
Preeidential office have beer "ingulted_ that the Mlercurio chain
indulge8 in "libertinigm unprecedentcd in Chilean journalistic history.
CONEIDENTHAL
R -14-73 Februnry 27, 1973
kcy
Party
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CONFIDKRTAL.
And that thc chain i9 "fiithful {0 ita 'ralition 0( infaiy. Thc
Gorcrnmcnt propjcanda appratue (ollowa suit.
Thc PDC orgn La Presa an Inc:
Natiom;l rarty lalloid
L Tribunn arc sccondary tarkcte for the UP' opgi: #Pwnratus
Becjusc thcir circulation i# limnited, Krcasura% eInployed #inst
thest cailics arc nimcd gnerally # {he political prlie:: Ihind thcrn
in contraat t0 tkc Alercurio chnim #herc prcl#u:cs arc intetdlecl a8 M
warning oignal to thc "rec 11 media "1 # a imstitation.
Indcpendent La Tcrccra rccciven. (lintlnct [rcalrnenl. Tha
Goveruricnt cxer[g nininl prc8h08"&4 on thc paper iri r(lurn (or
favorablc editerial trethent of Allende policie% (ucc Se:ction VI.
A The Oppositien Acdlia Reaction). Thia (etic ha8 dividenlo
for AMcnac ancl (ur Tercera oinar, Germin Pico Cinit u. Allendo
obiaing favorable publicity in a I:ue: -circulation paper (hat mintaing
comparativc objectirity im it9 newy columns thmu Icndling credcnce Lo
Allende' 0 claims tht kc will rcepect traditional Chilcan frcedom
whilc IJ king tha transition {0 Socinlin. Freedl (ror) thc "ccdl (or
thc strident partisanship 80 chrclcristic 0f thc resl o[ (hc prcsa,
Tercera atcndily builds ils circulalion with # pullic #ecking gonc
rclici fron) thc rcrbal ciril Ivar, As :1 rcgilt Pico, who I $ becn hed
of the Chilcan neirspaper as9ociation, hg dcfended thc Allendle
Gorernmcnt' $ Press policieg in international forums_ The undcr-
standing with the Gorermcnt_ however, is 3 (ncasy ome; Tercera
is not 9ufficicntly mallcable for lhc Socinli:l Party, hc principal pArty
9 in the Govcrnment coalition,
B , Radic
Radio continues to be the_ mosl important medium of corimunication
in Chile_ Thc latest available ligurcs compilec by hc: World Radio-TV
Handbeok give Chile a [otal of 137 stations , includini: 29in (hc epital
cily: Santiago (See Table 3)_ Thc" number Qf reccivers is estimated at
3 million, or one for erery hird pergun. Jn a country 2,600 milcs
radic 8 stratesic importance i9 uadcrstood by both Governmcnt and
opposition. The Government has resortcd to 3 variety of devices
designed to intiridate cppogition radlio 8taiions: requastg by Allendc
adriscrs that opposition stations hirc designated leftist commentators;
threats of violence;: f4voritism in the: distribution of ncedled gorernment
adrertising rcrenues; [cmnporary closuree; and strikcs fomcnted by
CUP commiflecs.
CONEIDENTIAL_
R-+-73 February Zn, 1973
pitl
long
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CONFIDKNTIAL
TADLE 3 IMPOR TANT: RAD;:O STATIONS
Political
Station Orientation
Radio Agricultura Nntional Party (PN)
Radio Balnuaccda Christian Dcmocratie (PDC)
Radio Coopcrativa' PDC with PN &lemente
Radio Corzeracis? Socialist ?ar:v
Raeil [e:t7s ?"Cero2ma
cortrolledby rxista:
Radio Luis Rccabirrco ChileJn Iabo: fedezation (CUT)
sttion; Communigt-controlled
(Scc Notc No. I0)
Radio Magallanc9 Communist Party
Radio Mineria Indcpcndent with PDC and PN clcments.
Radio Pacifico Radical Farty (UP)
Kadio Portales Socialist
Radio Calholic Church intcrests
Radio UTE Statc Technicnl Univcrsity station
controlled by Cornmuniat9
Partial blamc for Icftigt infiltration of Chilean stationa must rcst with "bourgcoig" radio owncry, beforc Allendc bccame president
the Chilean busincssmcn and politicians
wha) owned radio 9tntionj
made it a practicc to hirc leftigt commcntatora bccause bclicved
that leftist9 werc superior profc89ionals hclped to increage
lietener ship. When the UP came to power 'it tapped an cxisting source
of manpower.
In addition, thc Government frequently utilized existing rcgulations
t0 gain i(s ends_ Radio conccs8iono arc cranted by & Gorernmcnt
entity (Serviciog Electricos) attached to
Interior Ninistry; The
Bame entily can canccl or trangfer such concessions_ Regulations
promulgated during World War II statc that "In case of intcrnal
dibturbance. catagtrophe or war radio stations Jrc ubject t0 thc rulee , control, and c ensorehip that the Gorernment adopt. 11 Under thig type of emergency rcgulation,
all radio stations were Placed under an obligatory Governmcnt network not an unuguj] practice tor the Allende Govcrnmcnt when a moditied martial law wa 8 decreed in 21 of Chile' 9 25 prorinces during the Octobcr-
CQNFIDENTLAL
R -4-7} February 27, 197]
Party
Santiago
Lon;
thcy
'agd
tthe
may
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CONFIDENA [,
Novembcr !972 {ruck drivcr8 strikc (Sec Notc No. Ikj.
Anolher
regulation decrccu that gtnliono
muet interrupt thcir tranaminsiong
whcncver thc Interior Mlinielcr judgcu i( lo hc ncccfnary in tkc intcrcul o thc Internal eccurity o thc Sale,
Still #nothcr eulhorized thc Cenfral Dank to conlrol Uhc rceulation
and
imnportition ol cquipment
epnrc parto (or radio, telcvie lon, ardl thc prcu ,
Tha Govcrnmcnt movcd quickly after thc 1970 prtcidential
elcction to obtaln control 0f #talinnm, Thc Socinliti gained control of Radio Porualcs_
Chilc' # most popul::r ctation,
and purchaged Radio Corporacian A Aleicurio (Fortilcw h;tm eubocquently
0 fpped in Ropu;Fily). The Comimunizt
Magallenco, an important Santiago ntntion.
ThcuCornmuniyt Drchyacd
Teccnily HTuo Purchaacd Radio Singn Moll_ (Tortaertyuot
oppobition) in Conccpcian7o wail 7 $ fou" other atationg in fouthcrn Chileiin Preparation for thc CongFeagional clcctiongon Mafcut?973
The rightiot National Party daily
"ribu quotcd thc formcr
owncr 3 0 oayin;; that "ithc agc of privaten;-owed maff (in Chile) io over" with only thc Govcrnrcnt, media
coneortiume_ ancl thc niot
alronm cconornic
povcrful polilical particf €apable of
B uBta media operationg_ L Tribun oay0 thc Corarnunist
i0 thc moet powcrful (sinslc) brondeactcr
'inhouthcrn chilcrarty
PDC-oriented Radios Balmccdi and Coopcrativi
hovcver, havc to date bucccss(ully reaigted Covernmcnt
cnticerentg and (Bce Scction VI. A Thc Opposition Medin Reaction). pressurcb
radio station which
Ealmaceda a
ovcr thc ycaro carncd a Ic[ulilion objcc - tive newscagt8 hag bcen thc numbcr onc target of thc UP in thc radio field, It haa buffercd morc te facility. The 9tation wag
mporary clogurcs than any radio
ghut down, for cxa rnplc , 17 houre in June 1971 for broadcagting an allcged "alarmist"
Stale of Emergcncy dccrecd aftcr the
{8 97
rcport duzing thc
a lormer
6 8ination o Pcrcz Zujovic,
intcrior miniatcr in the Frci Government. At the 9amc time a CP Btation, Portale a rcceived nothing more than an tion for trangmitring "alrmigt" newg
more
admoni -
Jcceplablc to UP
propagandiete: During thc Augugt-Scptcmber [971 period Radio
Balmaceda wa 8 0hut down on thrcc 8eparate occjgions under Oimilar prctext9 (scc Note No. 10).
CONFIDENTIAL
R -4-73 Fcbruary 27, [973 10
kcy Pirty
fror
Tirty
Party
La
ining
now
had for
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CONFIDERTIAL
In radio a 0 in the Preb# thc Covcrument has uead CU
comnmittcce [0 (ormulate exngccralcd wamc dcmu:l?, to {(rent
0trikc8, and t0 {orn rurp #niono, Cn unions at Radio )ritico
or cxamplc, forced lhc o incr t0 Bcl out [0 & cojpcrlivc ifcl
by cmploycco ivhcn wake dcmandg eould not be n;t . Thc raslio
Btation gubvequcntly Wa 6 purchaycd by thc Radical Parly {
mcmbcr 0f the UP coalitiom.
Thc principal Covcrnmnent wc jvon, howcver, i9 ito control
ovcr public 9crvice advcrtiein[, which rradition lly hng provided
thc Dulk of rcvenues for Chilean radio #tationj_ 'hu Govermncnt
hae dangled thc progpect of udvcrtiserncute in rclurn (or fitvorablc
ncw 0 treatmcnt, but lhc bit had not bccn pickecl tp by tha: rnajor
oppodition radiog which recognizc th;tl thcir indcpendcnce iw at
acake_ Tho economic gqueczc makcs the futurc cl Chilcan
indcpcndent radioo @ppear bleak.
CS Televleton
Since itb inccption in Clilc in [96,2 , lelcvision ha8 rnjec Grent
trid, but the mcdium etill 1ngs bchin:l radio espccinlly_in hc
provincee wherc tcchnical conditiong ior vicwing arc Accord -
to the bc&t cotimate8 2vailablc, thcrc arc 350, Q00 sctc In
Santiago and a total of 500, 000 ets in the country_ Chile: i8 scrved
by thc following televigion channelg; [) 1 nation.)} network with
Bome 21 oJtlct8 throughout the country; 2) the Catholic Universily
channel in Santiago; 3) & separate Calholic Unirersity channcl in
Valparai8o; and 4) thc University of channcl in Santingo.
Thc Government clearly recognizes telcvision'$ importance a8
a propaganda vchicle, and urdcr thc direction 0? an Allcudc
confidantc, newsman Augusto Olivares (Socialist and p 8uspcetcd'
membcr of the ultra-left XIR Movemcnt of the Revolutionary
Left), it ha8 trans{ormed Chile' 9 only _nationwidc television channel
into an outright political instrument of thc Govcrnment coalition.
Slantcd commientarics {avoring UP policies, charactcr 1657&5 inations
intendcd t0 amcar political and class opponcnts, an a steaay drum-
{ire of Socialisl propaganda in,newg and cultural programming
became Btandard fare-
CONFIDFNTIAL
R .4-73 February 27, 1973 L
poor_
ing
Chily
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CO-VKIDEKLIAL
At !hc 9mc tirne nctwork
of prelexls for
authoritica made iiaifficult under
contravention 0f opposition 6 pokeumnen to air siir 2
thc State televi= vicw: in authorilii? {cqucnlly ollikcavii 9 tJ For czample ,
thc carry official ealcrncuto Ju1d iclcvinion channck: Ind Fadiod (o
Elrne, reorting Eo
the
dcnicd opfoeition #poZuiTCf-
tranernItted volunta Icgal fiction that
hc officis) equnl
Lily: nelemnentt; W(re
A popular political clat
tion rcprenentativc] show "ATres nandns,
in "hich
Bhow carricd dchacd Ujp rcprcscmitiven (hG oppori-
Ycarg 0f w;8 cancclled in only such Up agitalion J,aingt iL,
Thc
August 1972 afer iw?
by that thc prowram had nernmcnl defemled the &ep
3 Kranting all political poor Gncncrehin an4 by Dointine?
vicwa ori twice-weckly partics cqu;l timc (0 czprebs
tprovidcd
20-minutc slole,
'Thc original
thcir
scveral of cat facc confrontation, opcn-ended and {rceesst
ugually embarra89ing
to thc Coverornent,
Marxihf Un vensity % Chile station haa
Iinc 8ince iLJ inccption,
but
consistcntly aestrted thc
channclo havc 0uccc8gfully the tvro uriversity
Section V! , C.
UocGa lullyCoufhnG,oiorntocn Cont55
:2 date (Sec None o thc uni rontation and Telcvicicos; ct.nnels, nowevcr, 16 fatiotizi
Ercedom:).
6 #cope;
D Magezine 8 and Book
in [971 the Government
of thc PDC-controlled purchascd the plant 454 Todegn i LGO ramedicig-Th CoGahing 6fc?
8 - ore of
fqhipmc;
Prolonged Thc GOC announced thc most
of a
ncgotiation8, provoked originally purctaiee _(tcr
Communist-lcd union,
Under
by thc excessivc demandg
Government purchaged thc termg & thc accord the
national 6.€ 04 Chicd, ZindZcg' & plant and €quiphceacc
tke Co retaincd eeveral and several magazincs whilc mpany' 9
the mobt
iGportant) undc;rcyaon magaginc;e(ErfiliZiaZeg
Vea r a_ Thc Zig-Zag ycr contract Tith
tnc Cnilean Enters;; ablished Czer mensouced8.OnGed "h67efforczhe
Enterpribe. The accord with Rusntu National ?ublighing
observed to date. Zig-Zag has bcen scrupulously]
CONEIDENTLAL
R -4-73 February 27,
1973 12
varicly
sion {Ifc:
frecly
natjonnlly),
allevinv
ruling
forma
akow hour9
[acc-lo -
Thc
remainin;
vcrsil;
Publiehiog
Early
bcing tvo- Treabury _
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CONFIDEATIAL
Quimanty quickly bcsa: {urning out maezincs_ comic books,
and (exlbeok8 pushing UP policies. Comic books likc Eirme
"crc dcsigncd for mass consumptlon and aimed at adullf with
low cultural levcle_ while oters likc Ranana wcrc aimed at the
tecn-agc market_ Cabrockico; anotherrcofic book, via8 rcd to
Pfc-tccns_ Thc format OI ~e Quinantu products clogely rcscmbled
compcting Zig :Z1; products_ The Keckhy Ahora, {or exarple, #'Js degigncd to compcte with Ezcilla_ After ei}ht mont}& Ahora collapsed,
rcjectcd in thc markct place ?} Chileans whj
Wcre turncd ozr by heavy -
handcd political prop ganda.
E. Filmg
The Government'$ filr prcduction corpany, Chilc Film?, bccamc
the UP'8 principal propagarda arm in thc film ficld. Rival Chilcan
privatc produccr9 wcnt out 0} busiccss _ squcezed by riging production
co0t 0 and digcriminatory tJxand exchangc rate
trcatmcnt that dcnicd
them necdcd cquipricnt Jnd" spnrc parts {rom abrojd, Chilc Films
Bigned a comprchensivc excnznge accord in March [971 with tkc Cubin
Cinematographic Institute (ICAIC} (Scc Scction V. C. Exchangc 0
Pereono , Vieitors , and Exckjngc Agrccmcnts)
Chile Filmg al8o initizted #grccmcnts Iith thc cxperimental film
inbtitute (lcitist) at thc Unirersity of Chilc, trc film institutc at thc
Communiet-dominated State Technical University (UTE) thc Gorcrn-
ment information office, the filr deparlmeat o the Communist-
dominatcd CUT (Central Unic &e Trajobacores
the mjor labor
organization), the national felevision nelrark, and the Univcrsity of
Chile tclevigion station. The: stated purpose of thc accordg was' to "develop the
new Chilean film industry.
Its products arc intenced t0 slorify the roles of workers, pcasancs,
and gtudente in the march {0 Chilean-style Socialism, romanticizc Ihe
Proletarian rolc of the Chileaz Communist acd Socialist Pirties,
and
attack the "bourgeoisie" ard tkeir "impcrialist" allicg_ Deepite Jn
intenge Publicity buildup, howerer_ few filrcs actually #ppcarcd in
the 1970-72 period. Most of t30 films [naf "cre produccd appeared to
be pieced together {rom newsreel film taken during thc Allendc
presidential campaign or fro? post-election political rillies.
CONFIDENTIAL
R-4-73 February 27, 1973 13
HcA
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CONFIDKNiAL
The Governm;ent' 8
in public tk# resuli9 o electiong for poets in thc Cowmunist-dlominted
June [972
Teddration alao datragcd Govcrnment €rrdibitic;. (UT tabor
media scored hcavily in
a barrage of
Tie opposition
vote (raud with a public that
chrgcs o isewularities and
tkcs justificd pric: in clean elections.
B, Thc Papalcra Coxfrontation
The Compafia Manufacturcra Papelce Y the Fapclera) Chile" g
Geztones (known
as
another
major private prodluccr c: "wsprint, bccame propagarda battleground cast bi thc oppocniorTn tcrms "{reedom versus #arxist totalitarianism_ 1)
0f
In Octobcr 1971, thc Govcrumcnt_
Pledgc, announccd that COR carrying 00 2 long-standing
FO (the Govurnmert Derelopmcnt
Corporation) had opened negotiations (o
out [. e thc purchase of it9 stock. Thc ion
Papclera through
a campaign to warr thc
Publicc 0Pposa: ! media incncdintcly launchcd
if
thc {rcc press %D-ld bc crippled
ncwsprint digtribution werc placed 2[ thc merc; o Govcramcnt
8upplicrs_ At the eamc timc, thc oppasition
private shareholders t0 rcfusc
meela ?leadcd with
a
to Scll l0 the Govereezt. In adclition, "{recdom fund" w2s created cmabling private
Papelera shares [0 prevent thc
pefe?:s
hands . company from into Gorcrnment
For scvcral months Pro - and anti-Govcrnmez:
an intensivc sedia carried out
and
propaganda battlc in advcrtisez:es:s, ncws storics, editorials_ Both sides resorted to the familizs cembers the pro-Allende media clained that the Governrae
game:
shareholdcrs 2 #25 bcsicged by
eager to scll oct tkc oppogi:isn 2sscrtcd that shareholders
wcrc resisting femptation. Goverrz:s: argued that news?rin: production was csscntizl propagandists
be controlled by Lhc : t12 State and must
in
thc opposition said Pagelezz
nust rcnain private hands a$
a Patriotic
Thwarted to date in its.ttcmp: (o
out Pape?eza the Government *as not hesitated
shareholdcrs,
to us@ other rce:ees controls. labor-induced production price
to prevcnt the delivcry of
shortages, an2 strong-JrG) tactics
raw raterial {o the plare Thc Govcrnment pres8 also circulated rumors that Jorze Alessand:: iorger Presidcnt
CON FIDENTIAL
R-4-73 February 27, 1973 26
delay unking
t0?
dc
buy
to buy up
(e[fece
daily
willing
State;
duty.
buy
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14-QQQQQ
CONFTK NTIAL
of Chile and.a leading shareholder and bozrd chairman 0f thc Papeler)
had madc a dcal with Allende to (he Grerntieni control = ovcr thc
Papclera t0 wcakcn
the will oi privatc skreholders and thcir suppurters.
That Thc Pepclera sti!l withstaend:: thcsc <unbined pressureg a
later is j (ributc to 7 eter mning:d deiense ( thc firmn hy an oppositiun
Congress_ to
the loyalty of the bulk of tk Pepelera employccs, (o
an
arouscd and alericc cpposition mcdi:_
Thc battle for control of the Papelez Iill continuc and thc ocds
arc not for thc company. Repeatea Tcquests [or priec ivcrcscs
eufficient t0 ab8orb cost incrcnses fracd on thc firi in part b1"
Govcrnmcrt cconomic policic? Wcre ":0} mct, thc [irm dcclared
in Scptembcr 1972 tk.zt it couldl not mcc: Ioan paymant s duc to thc
Inter-American Dcve!oprnent Ink (ILF) Finally,
in Deccmbcr 1972
thc Govcrnmcnt aulhorizcd ncW pricc i:crases 3 vcraGing 45 ccnt,
which wcre, howcvcr; inapplicable to (hc pricc of ncwsprint: Thc
Papclera
somc breathing Bpacc bu:t Gorcrnmcnt prcasurcs on thc
company arc certain to coniiilc_ Thc pricc incrcasc itaclf mny be
viewed @ 9 a form of prcssurc.
The battle has spillcd orcr into tkc i:ls of thc Chilcan Congress
Partly {0 protect th Papelera' 8 indcpc:dcct status, thc PDC sponsored
a
"thrcc areas" consiitutio:Tamendr:e:: designed to givc Congress
some control over
which busincsscs cr bc incorporated a9 social -
propcrly by the Gorcrnment_ (The Pzgelcra is onc of thc {irms
on thc Governmcnt' # original T5t of 91 firms to be absorbcd
appearing
by the Government "S social propcrly: ) Thc a:nendlmcnt still ?
bittcr bone of contention belvccn the Garcrnment thc opposition
would, among othcr point9, zcclarc null ard void CORFO'9 attempted [3
Purchasc of Papelcr4 stock in the abscnzc of Congrcsgional @pproval
C.
Univergity Corfrontationand Telcrision Erccdoms
Growing opposition confidence {ed by &n clection victory at the
University of Chile in April [972 anc stiiiening opposition
attitudes at Santiago's Catholic
Univerzity had important spill-orer
effccts in telerision programming at {r? channels run by Catholic
University. Incrcasing opposition ciicctirencss crcn raised thc
possibility that the
Arxist-controllcd €nircrsity of Chilc channel-for
thc first time in its existencc might be obliged to inject somc
objectivity into its outpul_
CONFIDENTHAL
R-4-73 February 27, 1973 27
iivc
Ycar
an
good
and
pcr
gaing
ind
Dy
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CQWEIENTLAL
Iccdmbcnt UnivcrBity 0f Chile Iector Edgardo Ioeninger ,
{4n independent with Chribtisn Dcmnocralic
5 ymnpathies, Gaincd 51.9 of thc vole for reclor in April agnin:t lhrcc pcr ccnt
Benlin% thc UP coililidn aul leftigt,
other contcnder#
rcnrc-
MIR . An
Eplinter groups _ includin; the
independcct-PDC etatc alco sincd control {f the
Marxigt:controlled Superior Forativc Counciis
The:
previously
billcd by thc oppoeitioa rnedin
a 0 anot
victor"y "i8 &
plurali8 [ over Marxiet tolilitarianigt;
victory (or dcmocracy and
In thc proccse icclor Bocningcr becamc 4 hcro o the opposilion mcdia "ncl #t 0 Ysoinl of adeocratic" dcliance ol Gcrnmnent c lorto (o {npogc B87T,31
on an independcnt univercity. Thc oppoaition'9 rallying cry becirc
"Dalerd a dcmocratic ind pluralizt univercity.
i Tranblated media tcrmg it bccamc "Wlc "ant a
into
unit
democratic and pluralietic
vergity TV channcl; 0
Rallying bchind that 8/o,an, oppoeition gupporlcrg
at tbe (80 Catholic Univeraitica (Santizzo and Valpraioo) be,c
to (a % @ out leftist influcncc in thc
[1616 rlmenta of the t{o urivcrbiey channele. U eupporterg , hoevcr, renin at the technicin: level at the Santiago channel and car be expectcd to crcatc their opponenls. prollerng for
Oppositior authoritics who
now control tha ckirncl arc procceding cuuliouely :ginet thcTt
A rore signilicant indication of UP
televibion freedoms ha8 bcen the
long-range attitudcs [owarai
Govcruncnt' $ ncrsistent refusa] t0 Permit univcrsity tclevision
stations t0 extend lhcir nctworks throughout Chilc. In Scpteraber [972 _ Prcsident Allende Llocked the
opposition'8 mos t reccnt &ttemipt to Obtain legislative ganction [or
Guch an extengion by vetoiny Llected itc"ns in
7 PDC-introdeced bill: Thc Coveremenl claimed tkat its ovmn bil} pcnding bcforc
ard allcwing ulivergitie8 to
establish stationg
Congress
only within thc territory in which the
gcat 0f cach university i3 locatcd
vould create a national network for &[l recognizcd univcrsitics
on an "equal ard non-discriminatory"
bsis _ What the Govcrnment Zid
not say wag that the bill if pasced would
prescrvc the Statc Xctwork'8 Position a9 the only single C hannel that can be viered
television audience_ by j national Presurably the Governmcnt bill also woula Decrailthe Communist-dominated Statc Technical Univcrsiy
{0 operatc a telcvision station in Santiago in competition with
Catholic University channcl which, according € atlable Santiago'$
opinion survey9s, is5iewed by approximately 69 pcr
Cebleoruhlic
capital'6 audicnce_ 15
COXEIDEATLL
R -4-73 February 27, 1973
28
hc54
depan
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(();; )AWLS
Ercllla
October 5, 1972
Dcescrjtors Protest T're#ident Aleatle ' 9 Veto of [ill Pcrmitting
Ua:versiry: (Santiago) to Ezlett].I:s Television (Clannel 1J) Throughout Chilc.
In subsequent dcvelopentslhe: (tholic Univcraity at Santinso
as Rrrcrtheless cxtcnded il$ tcicvisiun servicc t0 thc Concepcian
Jtay; Iitan arca third moit irportant in Chilc_ via 3 (elevision
epx:er in Talcahuano_ Th:e Govermmrt has ordcred that thc
epca:e- cease operation j8 the University lacks a conccs sion under
195` [aw to (unction in tha area Thc University {as rcfused to
on:; )_ claiming lhat the 1970 Mational Television which
uthazizes the univcrsities l0 operal lclvision channcis, is thc
orrzi:; statetc and that it nceds no additional concession t0
Pera:e in part of Chilc_ Mqimhile the rcpeater i9 3till
Jnclizziz; (a8 0f February 15, 1973) while the legal (and political)
cbafc <o:tinues_
CONEIDENTLAL
04-7} February 27, 1973 29
Act,
any
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Allende i Retospeci
By Poul E. Slgmund
orld-altention has movcd away Irom Santlago- Iront-runnlng candldatcs hc was Clcclcd prcsIdcnt
since the bloody Cvcrthrow of Salvador by.a lopsidcd majorily votc.0 135.35. Hu rcccived
Allende Iast Scpternber , but Ihc qucsiions thc support 0/ thc ccntrIst Chrisilan Dcrnocratic
that wcrc rjised at that time `still nccd answcring; Party (POC) In Ihc run-oll in return Ior his Jgrcc-
Where should the-primary responsibilily: bc placcd mcnt Io_the adoption ol 0 Constitutlonal Statute ol
tor (hc trasic cvcnts; 0n and alter Scplembcr 11, Dcmocrajic Guarantces protecting (rccdloms 0 cK:
19732. Was,it, Js ihe Lelt contends, thc result o/ J pression, educalion Jnd rcligion, ad guarantecing
"lascist countcrrevolution aided' and abcllcd by thc_ Ihe Indcpcndcncc O tho milllary Irom polillcal con:
lorccs o Imperialism? Was it, as thc-Right asscrts; trol: Thc text 0, thc stalulc, which wjs added to
thc only Jvailablc response to Allcndc'$ atlcmpt to thc Chilaan Consiilution shortly a/lcr Allcnde' $ elcc-
establish Ihe dictatorship 0l thc prolctariat by J tion, rcllccled Ihc lears O non-Marxlst grouns thjl
mixturc 0 Guilc :and lorce? Did it mark thc "dcath lhe new Marxist President would usc (hc considcr.
0t& -drcam" ol thc"establishment o socialism by ablc power o thc Chileun cxccutive to undlercut and
democratic mzjns, and was it thereby one morc cventujlly destroy all opposltion to 2 Marxlst take-
demonstration Inat Marxlsm must Use lorce to aC ovcr
compllsh Its goals? Wcre thcre internal_and external
polilical and economic (actors which madc it Im:
possiblc lor Allende's expcriment to succccd, Or
P'olitical anc Economic
was thc downfall o the Unidad Populjr (Popular
Unity) coalition govcrnment the consequencc of a When he took oflice, Allende promiscd that he
serles o Idcologically-Inlluenced analyses &d mis: would (ollow a "sccond modcl- ot Marxism_the
takcn policy choices which, if had been difler- vla' Chilcna lo socialism, "wilh meat plcs and red
ent;, might have produccd another result? A review wine To prove that thls model wJs "anticipated
of the coursc uf the Allende `government with the by the classics oi Marxism,' he quotcd Irom
ald" of thc considcrable new material that h3 be: Friedrich Engels o (he possibility o
come available In recent months may hclp to answer
thesc questions. 3 pcacelul cvolutlon Irom the old soclcly to (he
Allcnde's opponents never tire of polnting out new In countries where the representallvcs 0/ (he
that he was elected with only 36 percent o the vote
In a thrce-way race_ What they do not mention Is
that In the congressional run-of between the two Allanda' $ {updurtoe$ In Ino Popuijr Unity Qbiiiija contltled/0/
nis Cwn Socislnse Petty (Puttdo Socmhlo_Ps), (o communiel Psrly (Paitido Comunillo_PC), Ina Mbin brdy % Rw.cji Ptn
Mr . (Pjtlido Radscal__PR), Ina Ietlist Coirdlic Mowomni 01 Avpuim Sigmund is Protessor ot Politics J( Princeton Unifed Acikn' (Mjvamieo;o 0 Accion Popu:u unioj = MAPU), &mJ Unlversity: Among his published works are Models [+o otnaf smjlldg JoupI_ Ind Mfbesi Oddoitrn b'oup} 30/0 Ina of Political Change in Latin America, 1970, and cQalmj( Cn/islisn Drm ciolic Paity (portjj Cemciar Coastsno
The PDc) &r4 Ina' viznlisl Nbinnji Pjity (Puuijo NXionfl PN):. Idcologies o the Developing Nations (2nd rev.
Io s6trospoct, It is ironic Inji Ina cdikjn Snjio 03to/ Kted 0 ed,, 1972). He has visited Chile nine times since consllulionjl Jmerorknt Dtorosd Bally I 1970 W 0J[aoibtn 1963, most recently in January 1974 t0 do research scon-tounU Oopuiji electron, cnich ecub Pto DroviJed (
President Injs lecied (DrcdJdly Ina "ant-= csndiujto. M0 On a torlhcoming book dealing with Chilejn politics.
Aloussni) Ditn ckeJr Roduim ManJalo;
45
Stratcgy
they
Ino
cin}
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Ailcmel:in_Retrospcct
Dr 37M
'pcople hacc JIl powcr and in JCCOrd with inc consii:
(ution cjn do what desire whcn havc (hc
mnalority 0l the nJtion bchind Ihem;'
Yct It wJs prcciccly the qucstion cl majority sup:
nort Ihat was Allendc'$ ccntral problem in his: dc
sign lo carry out a pcacclul Iransition lo "cocialism
wilh dcmocracy, pluralism and libcrly:' Thc partics
In hls coaiition wcrc in a dislincl minority In Ihc
Congress, and allhouch (here wJ: rIo dloubl about Ihe
Icgitimacy of his elcction by thal body, his viclory
had only bccn possiblc becausc o the conditionji
support of the Chrislian Dcmocrats. Thic POC, ic
should bc , noted, included , both Radomiro Tornic ,
the party'$: 1970 presidential . candidale , who had
gonc to 'Allendc'$ house t0 congratulate him thc
Salvjdor Allende spcaks 0 his plans Ior Chllc a
day 'alter thc popular clection, clcarly inlerring his 'the 23rd Congrcss o (he Soclalist Party, hcld In
future support, and conservalivcs likc Srnator Juan January `1971, (hree Months aller his clcctlon 5
de: Dios Carmonj, who had lought within the party President o Chile.
to' prcvcnt It Irom voling lor 'Allcndc In (he run-olf,
~pholo by Jontl VItolll (ot In thc Immcdiatc altermath of the clection the PDC Paota/830n8/a.
wjs controllcd by the Tornic (orces, who Cljimcd housc , kbe elected Immcdlatcly lollowing thc ap:
lo bc In Iavor o "communitarlan" cocialism, nalion: provjl ot the Jmcndmcnt Thc Congress would be allzation ol coppcr , acccieration o agrarian reform, ccrtaln to rejcct thc amcndment, but if Allendc and rcduction ol Chilc's dependencia 0 Ihe Unitcd had thc support o a malority In (he country: he Stalcs, Onc way, Ihcn, lor Allcndc lo achieve his could win thc plebiscite and sccurc control of the
acknowledgcd 8on/ 0( majorlty support tor thc' unicameral legislaturc lhat would thcn be estab iransillon to socialism would havc becn to.try to lishcd.
arrivc at an undcrstanding with Ihc Christian Demo: Allende's stralegy Ior the expjnsion o electoral
crals o lhc polnts In his program wiih which support wJs an cconomic one which drew as much
were In agrccmcnt This might have provoked Ihc _ Irom John Maynard Keynes as Il did Irom Karl Mara
seccsslon o some o the richlist membcrs of the Thic Chilean econoiny; already operjting belon PDC, but It an accord had becn rcached with the capacity: had gone into a prolound reccsslon a3 a parly's leaders, It would likely havc &iven Allende result 0 Allende's election; The response ot Pedro
0 majority In the Congress (r at Icast part f his Vuskovic, Allende's Minister o Economics, was t0 program: "prlne (he pump by adoptlng 7 dclicit budect, In- Flushed with victory ad unwilllng t come to crejsing publlc expendilures, and redistributing in:
tcrms with the party which he hjd Icrmed "the new come by' skewing thc annual wage reJdjustment (or
lace ol reaction" during the campaign, Allende chose the preceding year's inllalion (35 percent in 1970)
an alternative strategy: The next congressional elec: in Ijvor o Ihe low-income scctor % the population
tlons were not scheduled to take place until March (the lowest income groups reccived a 4O-percent in-
1973, but the Chilean Constitution provided that in crejse)_ The utilization of unuscd industrlal Ca: the event o a conflict wilh the Congress over the pacily, combined with strict enlorcement o prize
lext ot a constitutional amendmcnt;, the President_ controls, more stringent collection of taxes, and re:
could call a national plcbiscite. The strategic course (usal to devalue the Chilean escudo ' in relation to
adopted by Allende was to attempt to expand popu- the dollar, were expected to contain possible inlla:
Iar support for his cojlition' and then propose a tionary pressures Khich might result: (The Allende
constitutional amcndment which, in accordance with goverament also had a cushion of neJrly" $400 Ihe. Popular Unity electoral program, would replace million in foreign reserves Ictt to it by the Frei
the existing bicameral legislature with a unicamcral government as a result of high internationjl prices
tor copper, Chile's principal export;)
{0 Morcutio (Ssntitbo), Nov: 6, 1970, 5. 21. The strategy also contained a Marxist element _
46
thcy (hcy
they
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acceritualion 0/ {hc cln ,, Slrupgic nt tric GarnG tirnc 5ZCALL~"
Ihat apeJls were madc (o Ihc pockeitcok; ol
{hc
takeover 0/ scctors 0f Chilc'$ bjsic
Icwcr-class Chileans, Iherc
was also 1o bc;
Indu:lry and trade_ 23 prcmised in Ihe Popular Unity
to increjsc thcir clas; consciousne;
an cllor( prczjm, wjs {hus secn j5 an CSsantijl part ot Jn Zacion) (hroughc ociarnmcnn_ciblicationfconciete aconomic Jd Political stratcgy aimcd at Jchlevlng
Ust: 0l the media to rerrove the elemenls
and" 'Ihe anci mjintaining
powcr Combincd with 1 rapid conzciousncss' instilled by "bourpeoi;
of "alsc accclotidion & JFarian clorm (JCjin using existing
Expressine the diamctric Oppouit?: 0i; 3 Clin OtCn Icziclalion_Ihc 1967 agrarian reform law__bus a8
voiccd by his predeccssor, Eduardlo Frei,
oltcn ploiting provisions such as one authorizing the
Gid in a prcss confcrencc jusf after hi; Allcndc eitropriation 0/ "abandond or badly-turmcd iand,
"Iam nol prcsident 0i all Chilcans:'
hndits ailaios; wilh Onc pcrccnt payment In cJsh Jnd the rcst In
"Slalc 0 Ihc Nation" bis {irst bonds) , Ihc plinned takcovcr mcaint Ihjt Cvcn Ic
asscrled:
meseaze lo ihc Congress he thc clfort to create 3 unlcamerai
lcgiclature Illed,
"8vca ^unlcacierovcfcit cotrilcoutd
Ihc Pcople"s Govcrnment (Gobicrno dcidtrov thc economic bojg 0 thd "canilailst" Gopo
Insplrcd in its Dolicy b7 3 premisc that Popular) Is sition through J scries 0f "Irreversiblc" fails accn;
Jenied by somDolicc Buislence ds clnstc: &ndlcicial plis (hechos consumados) which would glve the
sectors with and zocial anlagonislic and opposing interests:
Allende's cconomlc adviscrs anticipatcd & Jddl:
tional source of revenue (or
the governmcnt the "exploitalive" prolits of the industrie; Irom
to bc nalionalizcd that 'ere
by the new Zovcrnmcnt The
tially Amcrican-onned coppcr minc; wicre to bc lalcn over by a constitutional amcndment ctolh
Joma Isy t0 rest Icgal doubts about Ihg reversal 03
LA P._E;AVA
the Frei;Chilcanization agrcements
of 1967 1569, and bccause
a gencrai consensus
and OFLTA#
lavorcd nationalization: in Chilc
be Iiationalized
Other companics
mere to after a controlling intercst was Zaincd
throueh the purchase 0/ sharcs o (he opea
by the governmcnt develcoment markct
course seemed
agency. The lattcr facilitated by the fact tnat thc pricc
andharenchad bccn depresscd since thc elcctiancc
and (urther economic pressures
could be by Tage increaces but forbidding crealed
In prices Tnc IcgJl adviser any risc
Eduardo Novoa, also to the zovcrnment,
in
oullined other "Iegal lcophcles"
exisling Chilcan Iam vihich could bc used tor "emporary" takeovers of companies, including Sidioervcbcion" bccause_01 Iabor disputes anacitequ
sition" because 0f
3 "breakdown in
arlicle of prime supply 0/ an
necessity:
Sulva8or Allankte, "Tha Cnlttan
to Soclsllsm #emuna, (d. Ine ideolojiel ci Ino In Paul [.
ne Yoh, Prbezer , 1912, Ceveloping Nbtions, Za. 607. E0. P. 4%0. fert Cnilesnizatln Pio8 }m had Inrolved tno Durcnjm Cniun 0lj'0 0f conlrollina Inlcrest In In wge D Ino A Chilean peasant
oameJ by Ine Yennecoll &n Anxcong; codcer MInet ol
gujrds the gjte o J Iarm south
na 91s0 Bovmed nCg; Cnnd , Aaforn.sC8nDanien Tnc J3'seMenis
Santiago which was scized Irom itS owrars 0
#u6 to 1 iavested In Int
o (Nc Amtf icj0 comcunies pretext that: it WJS
the
setning In Chilo, {*ojns a 0i codcer praduclign Jno
"operated unproductively" (mal
19106 exlng Ino countty Badilion}l /evenus in [ explotada).
lo Dach Ino @ja} conifacted { In Puicnjsi_
~ota fv Moqal Cacteioo
47
Thc Iarce
pjr-
any
{SAR
tr
allowing
w3y
Pat linanco
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Allcmlc im Rctrospect
#JW"W "ry
governmcni control ol (hc economy Jnd 0/ Ihe cice:; In M / Drtirdy declareal Ihat 'in the last.analysis
prolits Ihat Ihc privatc scctor had used Ior lutur 863 urtil Iurlher rolicc, political pomer cornes out
consumplion Or hadj sert Out 0l the country a5 prtit 01 Itv: 46d ol & gun; and Ailende repeatedly :tated
remittanccs lo.torcign companics. At Inc same lirie Ii;si ti; Gillerences with apostles of violence likc Che
Ihe Iact Iliat thc policy rcmained within;the Icltet Guiata icrc only "tactical, bccause Ihe Chilean
If not the spirit, Ol: the Iaw meant Ihat intcr eriticjn :ustizfi mequirc:d thal hc observe legalily "Ior Ihe
by thc military was unlikcly:. ticc : beiriz: Allcnde himscll organizcd an armed
Allende's constitulionalist and Icgalisi ' stratcey ~w:nal bodyeuard, the sO-callcd GAP (Grupo. de
wjs not unlversally accepted within his coaliti:n htfizr;; Perzonales) , and_WC now knom_-0; carly
Most 0 hls own Soclalist beginninz 'viith its 6, Cezember 1971 reccivcd reports 0 {te illczal
ncwly clected Gencral Sccretary;' Senator Cartos: ice pfatiori andl distribution o arms t0 Ihe WIR and
Altamifano_~Jnd scveral Olher eroups {urlhcr Io ihc % ti; briguards.
Iclt, such dS thc MIR (Movimienlo de Ia Izquitrds Mm: Iherc werc thus Intcrmittent hints 0 re
Revolucionarla-_Movement ol the Rcvolulicsnar lutic:ary alternativcs, Allcnde's basic economic
left) and thc Vop (Vaneuardia Orgnnizarla cJc:l &iatz '0i35 "socinlist consumerism, carnbincd
Pucblo _ Orginized Vanzuard o thc Peoplc), uerc '":th a fapid cxpansion Ol statc control in industry,
opcnly doubllul about the wisdom of relyinz Cn clecs: becc a3v} ezriculture, and his basic political siralcgy
tlons and "bourkcois lezality" t0 achieve poicr ang
adviscd prcparation for an armcd conlrontation uith
44 2s04 Drb(dy, Inq Chiigan Rovolution: Connolsoliom #itn the {orccs ol reaction, which Ihey {oresaw a3 irs:vi
Jiko* 'te 1*8 Random, 1974, 00. 92, 77, 91; &nJ 97_ {i Mcicuik table. Allcndc's ellort to cortray the transilion t {oad [Jilian) 'tD. 18*34, 1974, P_ 3, "0pro uce} [re Iph, soclalism Js pcaccful in character was not assiziej 1+7 49 [7* pthvteritinl palaco
G #Mrr-malmq'i:m sc0 Pjui €_ Slamund, "[43 Yesr9 by thc publicatlon ol his conversalions with French
Mpam Yoej; Picoim} 0 Communism (Wjshlnaioo, CC), revolutionjry theorist Regis Debray in carly 1971. ivjuit Crmbmtri 1217; DP_ J8 S1_
A Santiago rally in November 1970 celcbratcs Ihe lirst anniversary 0l the Allende presidency in the
toreground, a piclure o Latin revolutionary Cne Guevara.
~plolo 1y Clvs Wye f Maet fet.
48
Party__
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IEeZTid7RZEZ
was an cxpansion 0/ Ihc Clctoral bJsc of i/;;' Allcnde BXUIUZX @aEtI
coalilion by an appcal to Ihc malerial mhcn the rccin;c $ fcpularity was at its hichest
the class consciousness o
intcrests and Doirt," but.in Ieiospect i( does not appejr Jt aii thc lowcr cljsscs. It wJs certain.{hat Iic: Ijuld njve thc intcraclion ot (hc various elements of Ihis politi:
by Ihe time
won__particularly since
cal and cconomic Stfalcsy Ihal linally produced ihc Iht the constitutional prerequisikes for
breakdown of Chilejn cons
such J vote hld been (ullilled, the" economlc ad interkcoron &f Ihcharnad Corsei'utindeg and the political situjtion would have bcen much less favor:
that the extrcmc lelt able 0l the Allendc coalition had been predicting all along:
Thc pcriod alter the municipal elec'ions now ap
Pcars (0 havc bccn crucial ior (te long-term survival
Initial Success ohthc regimc Tlie Right wJs Still in disarray, the
Christian Ocmocrats. had elcctcd a compromise
At (hc outset; thc new
Wadcrship which Ias not committed to either O,the
astoundingly economic policy was 'partv'siwings, and the shortrun economic and politi:
successful_ allhoush it had ;ithin it cal indicators were favcrable. Yet,
Ihe secds % future disaster. Income redistribulion
action On thc
instead of taking
stimulaled dcmand, whilc pricc controls cconomnic {ront (o stem thc loss 0
low
and ar) arti- forcign reserves and to dampcn inflationary pres- exchange rale kcpt prices down;
As a surcs__and on the political front to consequencc_ a mini-boom) @nsued. By March 1971 movement 0 Ihc Christian prevent the
the Socicdad de Fomentc Fabril (Asscciation for lhc ance with the
Derocrats into a alli-
Development Of Manufacturing) .
richt-wing , opnosition parties _the
Chllean business and rcpresenting "Szimc continued its Previous policies, confidently
tion had Incrcascd
admitted that produc: ascuming that in the run "the peoplc" would
of 12
by 6.3" percent ovCr the ligurc support it and ignoring the warnings of "bourgeois" reacheaonlhs: bercenf ad by. that {icure had (conomists Ihat the Iss Of foreign reserves, the ex
o/
13.5 percent: Thc Institute 0f Eccnomics Ipansion o/ dcmand, &d the sharp dccline in the Universily 0/ Chilc Ijler reported Ihat uncm;
mcrt would produce disjstrous
inyest-
ployment In the Santiago area droppcd Irom 8,3 lollcwing year.
consequences in the
Percent in December 1970 to 5.2 pcrcent in June
1974 &nd declined (urthcr to a unusually low #n8
percent by thc end % the yeJr: The Ccnsumcr Price Political Polarization
Index stopped climbing Entirely in Deccmber 1970
and had only increased by 6 percent by the itime
The hardcning o
0l the municipal elections of April 1971-_its loxest the Christijn Democratic posi:
rise In years. At the same time_
tion bcgan in mia-1971. It waS accclerated In June
wages increascd by 27
salaiies and by the assassination of the former Christian Dema
This
percent in reji tcrms. cratic Intcrior Minister , Edmundo Perez
wave of economic prosperity__combined cxtremists, 3/
Zujovic, by
nilh the absence of the political repression least one of whom had been relejsed
some rightists had predicted that (rom prison by Allcnde upon his accession to power.
would result trom a A month Iatcr in J by-election in by the Marxists_Icd many, particularly in victorious Christian
Valparalso, the
Fow Income groups, to vote for the candidates of the
the
Demacratic candidate rcceived
Popular coalition in (tc April supcort of the' The tacit alliance #ith the
Ilons. Allende'$ Oxn Socialist
municipal elec- Right ded to thc secession from the PDC of eighe
loral showing in (he 1969 beltered its elec deputies and a number 0l othcr party leaders to form
100 percent (a
congressional elections by thc pro-Allende Izquierca Cristianj (Christijn Lef:) .
prceni
jump (rom 12 percent to 22 This was counterbalanced however, of Ihc total) , and (hc candidales 0f ali the
other
by a split in the
Airlies supporting Allende received about direction within the Allende coalition, Five 0f
cent oi Ihe vote_ as compjred
50 per- the seven Radical senators (including hro former
shich Ihe President himscll with the 36 percent presidential candidates) and 7 of the 19 deputies
mnths bclore. Yet,
had received only seven lelt the Radical (PR), and tormed the Partido moncasliborrejsYetil 3alctyinotes she Tesults were; 8eola Izquierda Radical (Party of the Radical Left _
3 Icw votes short of the abso' PIR) in prolest against
mjjorily Ihat Allende required to win
a plebi-
the Alarxist orientation 0f a
slla 0n 0 c'mnstitutional amendment He wJs later crilkitd lur nol calling Ihe plebiscite at the lime See, 6. Paul M. Sccery.' chit: Oeestlon 0t Morer, Mcntnly Revior (New Yor lonuon) ERemze 1973,
1L. R:
49
ticially
industry, Iong
May
many
vlctory
Risht: Unity
Party
ncarly
Party
lute
Tr
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Allenal in Retrospect_
7774351n03E#E
PR policy resolution which Ihe dissidenls described marches an3 cernonstrations Jgainst Ihe government,
as "completety removed (rom the characteristic and the most IariU; O which wJs the March cl Emply
distinctivc idcolosy of. qur party' and opposed to Pots in Dezernbcr 1971, in which thcuzancs ot
"Ihe interest of. the middle social Strata" whom (he housewives, mostly of middle-class tackzround,
party had alwjys represented: For a time, the PIR marched, barzirg pols (o prolest Iood shortazes.
continucd (o support tlle Allende governmert, but Those shzrieges had dcvcloped becauze tr:e pre-
within a year it had entered the ranks of the opposi- dictcd eccrsmic diflicultics resulting Ircm the
ion: Vuskovic cclicy becan to cmerge in Iate 1371: The
In July 1971, the Christian Democrats had voted balance-0f-ca/nents surplus had been deple:ed at
In tavor' ot thc constitutional amendment national: such an alaming rale (in 1971 Ihere was a delicit
izing tbe coppcr mincs, but Irom that point forward, St $315 mitign, whilc in 1970.there had teen a
the paltern was One 0f polarization of Chilean politics surplus cf 371 million) that in November 1371 ;he
and socicty into two opposing blocks. The Allende Allende Eove rm ent callcd J moratorium cn pejrent
forces conlrolled the evecutive and purSued an in- 0f its loreisn cebts. Chile had already experierced
creasingly vigorous ideological purge o those who dlifficulties in .ccuring loans from the Inter-hmerican
were not entircly sympathetic to the government Developmer;t Eznk, Ihc World Bank ad the Esport-
The opposition controlled the .legislature, and in Import Bary 25 a resull 0f its failure to compersale
Oclober 1971 the Christian Democrats and the the Anacorca and Kennecott copper ccmzanies
rightist parties aticmptcd to assert legislalive con- tor` the naticralizatian ol their ' major mines The
trol over (hc: expansion of the public sector by voting debt moraicrium vis bound to make it consiceretly
In: tavor of J constitutional amendment limiting the more dificuir ' for Chile to secure toreizn Cred:ts,
use of the intervention ad requisition procedures particularly for the short tcrm; In Dccember 1371,
and requiring that all transfers of private enterprises fhc Chiiean Ezvernment Iinally permitted a cartial
to Ihe "social" or mixed sectors be carried out In devaluation c} the Chilean escudo so as t0 Cecrease
accordance with specific legislation adopted by the the distontics created by its overvaluation, bit tr:is
Congress. This legislative act , ieferred to a5 an created pressure on prices of 'goods manutaciured
amendment on the "Thrce -Areas of Property,' be- with importe:J componcnts. Shortages 0f certain {ccd
came thc locus of a continuing deadlock betwecn items_ esce:ielly cooking oil; detergents, svzar,
the Presidcnt and Congress that lasted until toothpaste , ar: cigarettcs-_were ascribed by ae
Allende's overthrow in September 1973, government {3 upperclass hoarding and t0 increased
Allendc's relusal to accept the amendment or.to consumption ty lon-incorc gcoups; hoever the
call a plebiscite to resolve his differences with the dislocatiors in the countryside associated ith tre
Congress appeared to Ihe congressional opposition very rapid escarsion 0 thc agrarian reform (Allenze
to be a decisive indication of his determination to took Over elm;cet as much Iand: in his tirst Year in
bypass the legislature In carrying out the Popular oflice as Frei rzd in six years) clearly had somiethir?
Unity program, and trom the time of the adoption % to do with tte prcblcm a5 well, and the siteeiicn
the amcndment onward, the Christian Democrats could be expected to get worse with the har,est in
began tQ cooperate with the richtist parties in- Op- early 1972. A IOO-cercent incresse in the marey
posing the executive_ One method was t0 impeach supply as a rezull of the government's deficit
ministers (or violation or (more often) nonenforce- ing was also tezinning to produce inflationary Fres
ment 0/ the Iaw. The first of many such impeach- slres non that tre unuscd capacity of Chilean indus
ments took place in January 1972. Another method try had been tzben up by the 1971 expansian Kst
was to present 3 united electoral front against the important; 3 sherp drop in investment (Allende said
government. Intormal cooperation between the it had declined by 7.7 percent, but opccsition
rightist parties ad the Christian Dzmocrats' led to economists clzimed it had (allen by 24.2 percent)
striking victories in two by-elections in January 1972, meant that the spectacular growth rate achieved in
and a month Iater these groups formed the Demo 1971 would be sharoly reduced in 1972.
cratic Confederation (Contederacion Cemocratica Yet the degree of the incipient crisis was nt
CODE) to prepare joint lists for the 1973 congres-
sional elections. A third area o cooperation was in On Ino Inxccyt} 01 U I6rm "Invisiclo ckxksdo" 0 dcos
tna Allendo 83. nmtors credit Piocwmi #0 Pali € Sijn-~J_
'Tno 'Invisola 0 ,3-6 Jm Ine Oterin:cm Qi Allenjo; f38 53
Ei Marcutio 0, 1271, P. J7 . Amjin} (Nuw Yofl) , Jenlry 1974, Po. 322-+
50
Sjend-
wul;
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Bz mli ZrCrRD " {75
lidenlly Iplicd ttwat mith J #eu4l heightening ol
the plilic;l conscioi:sness of tr: Froletariat, thcrc
scenll t0 bc no Ollcles in {he internal logic ot
Ihe Chikan bourcecis stte to prerent the workcrs'
winning' sullicicrt *trencth t control 0l he
Icsisl:sture: HIS wcll ;5 Alxe exerutive_
On (kic nolitic)l {:ant, there nrre indivlduals and. serteztos S.A2anai;
grouj'5 Ci both sicic s who atteni;ted to stcm the
movenx 'nt loward plarizaticn, utich corfccily
(orcsm woulif Ic;3:l to the breaadovn of Chilcan
inslitution;. Tvvo imicrtant elfarts * arrive at a com-
promisc 0n1 tht: jsstc 0 the cstitutional amcnd-
ment on thc "Thrcc Ares 0/ Prcprty werc madc in
thc fust prt 0l 1972. In Aprittk? lelt Radlcals, who
had cntcrcd tlx' Allenda Governneni in Janudry,
carricd Qn lcnzthy nezotiations #ith the Christian
Demancrals to harmcr out a salisfuctry agrcement
on (lvis issuc , only Iq have it rejected by thc lop
commauxl o Ihe Popular Unity ccuiition parties. The
Lel? Rlicals rcsrondcd by leaiin: the government
and jvining thc cpposition, 3 mve Allende described
as "w stab In thc back: A seronJ sct of,necotia-
tions in Junc belween the haj 6f the Christian
Workers occupying a plant Qulside 0l Sarii+st} pro- Dcmocralic Partly and Allence's Alinistcr o Juslicc
claim their intention t hcd it t0 (he dej:R. The brokc ilown wlun Ihc time limit set by the Christian
inilials o the Unidad Pccular (Popular Unit;! ere Deniacials cxpircd and te PCC IzuJershlp relused
painted on (he wall by (he gale. to cxtcnd it_
Thc (wo sels o negotiations se?m to have col:
~Photo by Moggi €ottallo lapsed Ior relaled rcasons. In April the left wing o
Immediately evident Irom the {igures fcr 1971, In- the Fopular Unily coxlition was unwiilirg to accept
dustrial growth had reached 8.3 percent, ezrarian 3 comiromisc which would slow dzin or stop the
production (based on plantings before Altenize s forwaard movemient of the Gorinment nationalization
accession t0 power) had increased by 5.3 pzcert, procr,aJin; while in June the rich: wing 0l Ihc
and unemployment had drcpped to record lors The Christian) Dc.nocrats could pin: t0 an impending
Communist Party in a report to 3 Populzr Urity by-clection ir mid-July as a rezscn for discontinuing
"conclave in early 1972 #arncd Ihat "very st:cnz discussions. Both cascs illustratey a general prob
inflationary pressures could make our situarion lem) posedl by the Chilcan muticurty SyStem_ Orce
acute,' but the government tcok ;10 zction 10 cz3l poiitical conllict became pOla:izeJ. the extremes
with the problcm: The continuing optimism ci z8 held thc rest of thc opposinz ccaliics hcstage and
ernment policymakers at this time was expessed prevcnted what could have bar J convergence 0
ai a Round Table in Santizz) sponsored by #h? Uni- vie#s in the center
versity of Sussex and the Chilzan Planning Oz2 in Tn:' ncgotiations Iere Intersrers?d with a scries
March !972. In the course ot discussion Raz nir? of demonstralions and counterd:icnstrations by
Tomic, the deteated Christian Democratic presizen- the covernmcnt and lhe cpnositim #hich always
tial candidate, asserted thj: the Allendc governmzn: stoppzd just short of Open violre_ Szveral ob
had committed 3 tatal political error" in failirz tJ seivers, including the American Anbassador to
establish an "institutional majority' in the Crzess
through a ""far-reaching azreement betieen sa-iz"ists
" J. Ann Zjmm:i J0j Gjbtiai Pjm4 [04 17crGJ Rcjd (0 inspired by Christianity and those inspirzz by Stjisni Austin, Unite:sity 51 Teus Aris 19.4 0. 3 247:
Marxism_ _that is, between the Cnristian Demacrats Tr? crmmunist Party (#duit BcrvI i %i Vruo (innrtijaji
e40n1 "Jn J-fed: 6_ 1922, and Popular Unity__in the Ferit following :hz 1270
1{ Fa[e MIJuierJj RjJirJl, Timgt Ax % Fir (Poijticu presidential electicn Allenje's representatites co+ palh 0/ Ino PiR), Sjnlijzo, 19*2. P 72
51
4
Ein
thcy
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QoooQ
Alleudlc' im Rctrosict
Ftn 14y47 DTe;-7c112' RSIDTTZ ~ItTZ 37TEEC
Chile , Nathanic/ Djvis, rema;kej on thc Val;e:n of ;acal Jrenj: Sevcral additiorl rninistcrs Kee
"brinkmanship" that Ihic Chile mns exhibilr:d. Social i j*chcd, Incluain;: Ihc Minister Cl 'Inrerior, #ho
and political (cnsions increJscd__but 8; lonp 3; 'm;; ctarced wilh alclting thc Illewal importation
economic delcrioralior WJS iidt rcflecled in {unjviay 6'l #m; Irom Cub) in March. (Ihc Alltndc govan:
Inllation, thc Chileun political system scerier} ablc rr/:t ( clalmed Ihat suspect shipmcril: Irom Cuba
t0 contain Ihcm; "tulos Cubano;"__wCrc "works 0i an, but aller
Ifs : Eplombcr 1973 coup, Ihc escrnmcnt White
B/: publishcd an invenlory 0 cvcr 2,000 pounds
'Thc Turning Point
f #fr;; Sent Irorn Cuba In 13 cratc: which customs
Thc strains In Ihc syslcm only bccamc unman:
azcablc In mid.1972, when the lid blemt clt (hc Tzble I; Monthly Flucluations In Conzumer Prices
Irazile Chilean economy and let loose thc prc:surcs and Inuustrial Outpul under Allendo-
Ihat had bcen building Up lor at least a yt;r _ As thc
deficit In govcrnmcnt spending rosc Pifticularly
Month Consumcr Ptico Indct Irdu:Wial Output bccausc ol its subsiclics to Ihc "social 3re3, ils
forclgn reserves' dropped ncarly to zero; ind (hc 1573 Oci_ 35.6 8.0
growth o industrlal oulput slowed down. Allcndc Nov 35.3
Dec; 34.9 0.3. rcplaccd Economics Minister Vuskovic wiilh Carlos 191i Jan_ 28. 4,5 Matus and appoinlcd Orlando Millas 35 Financc Feb. 22.0 ~7.
Iinister , Thc Malus-Millas tcam scught to "lind March 20.1 6.3
slability at anolher Icveh_ ordcring a drastic CUr- April 20.2 1.6
rency dcvaluation, {aising priccs in Ihe nalionalized 21,0 13.5
Juna 21. 10.7 gctor , ad pcrmitling limlted agricultural frice in-
July 19. 6.7 ~rcases. Thc result was d sharp jump in thr cost-of: Aug; 17.4 10.7
living Indcx, whlch climbcd Irom 27.5 perct:nt at thc Sepl 15.6 25.5
end ol June to 99.8 pcrccnt al the end 0/ Se:ptcmber. Oct_ 16.5 22.6
A wage readjustmenl t0 compensatc for thc: ircrcasc Mov_ 18.8 22.1
In the cost ol living oly acceleraled thc inflation, Dcc. 22.1 19.5
1912 Jan. 24.9 18.5 sp: thal by thc end ol Ihc year the Ollicial consumer Feb_ 32.0 11.9
crice Index had reachcd 163 percent (see Table I): March 34.0 10.2
In Scptember , industrial output began to drop in April 38. 12.6
absolute terms (i.e. nol mcrcly in terms ol Ihf: rate A0.0
ol Increase)-~a drop Itat continued every month June 40.1
%
July 45.9 thercalter until thc Scplember 1973 coup. Agci- Auz: 77.2
cultural production (excluding livestock) &lso cgm: Sept. 114.3
menced to declinc , and mincral producticn rcgis- 0 142.9
#
lered precipitous drops, although copper production Nov. [49.9
Oec_ 163.4 rose byj 1.3 percent for 1972 owing to the Iact that
1973 Jan. 180.3
a number of new mines came Into operation. (On Feb. 174.1
other elements o Ihc worsening economic situation, March 183.3
3
see Table 2.) Agril 195.5
Chile's economic problcms were paralleled In the 233.5 H1.0
June 283. ~142
July 323.2 10.7
"4 @cidi Cadio Itom Ambusssdor Natnaniel Djvis t0 tna Aux 303.6 11.9
bte Dpb ((ni, Pudilaned in Jcce Andetson'$ columo in Ire Sept: 286.0 -22.9
mmtinxlun Post (wjsningicn_ CC) 0n mjnn 28, '912, commecej Ct 528. 18.0
5ut "Iho Cnliesns nave Bredt ability t 'Kn to Ine wina_ (Mdso Nov. 528.9 5.1_
{63n Oudt Ond Dck On_ On ino Omo Point Y€ Mjuric' Solaca
Jra Tmnndo Cepeob. allenao1 cnile: On (7 Aollics 0
BtiatMonsnio: Dc.b_ Univeusidea 0o los anjtt]1912_ Pacentjse 01 cnjrgo (tom Irj Vmj Ionin 0i [N Bitubnt nv
Nienjo bjygrameni dijakU ina drop In pojuttron On tr souacl: Imlulo Nrstji 0c {stojistcm1 (Nompa#l Inuitet Oatobrt 1972 Iirino. Dut (nit ignovcd (n Ikci Inui Doducton declicg: st31.1t.591. Sulingo: SaienJ 0o (Omgato (ibii: (Asse'#ion 6 Kun [ototi Oclodas Dvelea%nv 0l minuta:kytina), Saniijso.
52
MAsy
FAJy
May
US
Tc
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3T LtE: 7 Ulit}
Table 2: Somc Inzices 0/ (he Clilcan Economy; 1970-72
1970 1971' 1972
Gross dni "ic prouuci 1 chanso) J.1 8.J
Inbestanc changa) 8 6 4 24.2
Rralmes and sulnics (% chanse) 1j,0 30.0 9.0
[#mOf {s ( $ miliion) 129 1045 853
Inwrts ($ mllion) 1o20 1124 1287
SOURc[: [7i4:{meni 0/ (Conomkt Univcusigy 0i Cnikal
hnd been Iorblddcn Io Inspcct, ') Tha' judicixy wh; nul aS adversely aHcctcd, slnce workers at:
loinc:l in the conllict, protsting' thc Iailur?" of the tcfnfile} (o Iactorics Going despite man,;c:
Ministry of Justicc Io carry cul court ccz #hilc Isr;l'; clforts t0 CeJs@ production__and the Oclobcr
progovernment demonstrators dcnounced Irk' vicjos sibe: saw the cmcrgency of "'Industrial Bclts"
de micrd) _"ilthy old mcn"_in thc Supemc (Cortlones) and "Communji Commnnds, which
Court; As it bccamc apparent {hat thcrc was ro real semcd t0 cmbody (hc typc ot spontancous 'popular
possibility' . 0/ rcsolving (heir ditlcrcnccs_ Ihe:. two pout:r" (hat Icftist thcorisls had spoken o( a5 (he
sidcs turncxl t0 thc armcxl larccs as impirtial Jbi: basis ol ^ genuinc rcvolutionjry clss consclousness
lers, ard the nallonal holidjys in mid S::;e'mbcr to rrlacc thc materialistic "cconomlsm" that' had
1972 werc marked 'by rivJl efforts-ol.lhe Cwress characterlzed Chilcan workers untii this timc.
and the Fresident to ingratiata themsclves #i:h the Witu:r #e workers scizcd closcal (actorlcs, the plants
military: Wicid: usually "intcrvcned' bw thc Govcrnment; 50
Thc political Involvement of thc militr' ivas Ihat an Important rcsult o (he October strike wJs 0
acceleraled by the next Step in the Chilean trx"y corgiclcrable expansion o thc sovcrnment-controllcd
Ihc October 1972 strike. Respectivcly terna J hc 'sectar 0i inclustry and trade:
"employers' lockoul" and "he national strit?' by The:: most important outcome o the strike_ how:
pro: and anti-Allende lorccs, it bcfjn: fx: {rorn CVI:r Ya; thc dircct Involvement o the militjry in
Santiago, in the remotc soithern:province 0f Arsen_ thc Alle:nde cablnct, A condition o the settlcmcnt
with a strike by srnall truckers (Relericd t tx the 0l Ihc; :trike was that Ihc military take over key cjbl:
8ovcrnment prcss as thc "ruck-owners_ tha meri nct po:ts This rcsulled most notably In thc assign:
bership 0f the" truckers' fremioGuild__#wJs Jlmcst Mcri 0f the Ministry of the Interior to the Com-
entircly composed of owners 0 one or {mo tucks manderin-Chicl o the Army, Gencral Carlcs Prats,
who learcd an announccd plun to establish 1 StJie so i5 (0 assure thjt the consressional elections
trucking asency which would have hjd Firity schc:duled for March 1973 would be carricd on freely
access (o ncw trucks and spure parts). Th? srike and impartially.
qulckly sfread across Ih nation, as the tkes Thc Involvement o the military ard thc prcpjra:
mere joincd by bus and taxi drivers, shc;k:e ris. tions {ar the March clcclions brought about J Iull
coctors, nurses_ dentists, Jirline pilots. Cnrhe?IS In thc eszalation o political contlict in Chile. Inevi
and prt of the peasantry. Thc' Christian Drmxrjts
and Ihe rishtist partics supcorted the strikers and
Ihe work stoppage drars:d On {or Ovcr J rxrfh "Ins Coidunes #ero Moio 0 lrs Idqujatuujly 0rusnlzod
resultins in Jn estimated loss of $150.200 miilixn comff (tat$ ui Kotrois Iom mijeU 1XKMI6t Rnicn oordimulad
0rjducivi Jnd J'steipulwun in cicen injestriji 088 Tn Wmmundi In production. Agriculture 0Js particularly h3"j tX Czmnijr-s (Comjnjcs Comunjies) wai0 0ttjnifCJ Dy {no Cojri
because the strike took pljze in the midst & the 0 m2pa Ina icai popuijicn In Iro sLiounJing Jr80 Tot
planting seuson; indeed, thare is no doubt tnat ;Jt; inciujeit 'eofesntalives 0i ncicnbRU Qmmitleo) (iunimi 0c
Mimi) miren' 8oups (centros Oc miva DiCO ConItoi j0 Ihough not all, of {he 25-percent drop in Ina 1273
0,iduimn C~mmiltees (jJniji J6 Jousia,ruenIj DecmOs). JNJ harvest was lha consequence o (he strike InciSfry oint 0'Dup6 On Ire Dertistenco 0( Borler eummism;" {0 Jomai
Prif0r, "Crile: NJlwnbh} aton sontocmic Cnjnj0 jn0 Aooliv
P#'[cioblda; S{Ju.08 ,0 comidj jtioo in0nblwbi Ulwdiocmori
(Beltig mlig_ Cslm ), Scrioa 191}, 9o. 24S1_ Jo Jtblldio in
sitw s Cncu del Goblorns {i00 BIMGO (wnito @ti4 jam81 Peli0s EJ Lstin Ameticj: 61om DYMai0 @ Rerolltrs;
Janrtstu, 1974 DD: 1Q0I_ Nem 10uk, Wky. 1971. Chd):
53
kccp
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QoooQ
Allcul'_in Retros{ot
AAf
Q2
@UG
~LEni
0
Syrnptomalic 0 leltist ,auacks On Chilean insritutions, 0 S6l#g? wali postct Ucnounces Ine country"$
Supreme Court Js "Protccuers o Fascist Sedition
~Pboto by Jvoa d Oat (or Tmb Ntn Jok Tinol
tably, however , it also prccuced political divisions ol thc CClxa:$ ol Governmcnt-appointed Supply &d
wilhin the military itscll, unich had hithert brn Distrita:e tr . Corrmittees (JAPs) to deji with (hc
rclatively alot trom the croess. 0 polarizaticn. It black-Tra+: pratlem led Ihe Opposition t0 charge
was soon applrent; lur instarce, that General Frats Plitica' :anizllarion 0 Ioou distritulion; norclhe: {
was willing I give the %n4ernment Ihc beretit ot less, 13.4 %j,c:nrent seemed ponerless I cornbat
the doubt in ncarly every irstance thi its decisions blacktreres pperations.
Or aclions #ere challenft:. Conversely, the
f
was noticeatly less entnlsiastic, and in Janujry
'Admiral Ism;1el Huerta resizid Irom (he cabinet The MMzra [973 Elections
over plans lor the initiaticn Cl what hc took & b?
3 tood-raticnins system: It i; noi 'also known thjt The creession3l elections in March did not re
the first plans Ior 3 possible coup were madz by sohe 2ry7:r . Cnile'$ richt-wir? parties hJid hzped
Intermcdiate-level officers &t tre end of 1972. thjt Iocc $ reges and econdrnic diflicultic"s #ould
1
Food distribution became a cfitical issuZ as the prolce 2 X1 #iras majority apainst the covern-
black market continued t0 erpand, with much 0f ment; wEC mznt in turn permit the impexhment
Chile's agricultural producticn going into illesal cf the Firznje, but the rcsults, while shcwing
channels brjuse ot the o.ernment's relusji to Jn, an.iz ur- iient mjjority 0f 56 percent; Gjve Increase the oliial prices pjid for agricultural pro the Allen + zezime 44 Derceni_~a larger vote Ihan
Cri
duce. The result wJs in ellezt, two scparat? price rost Ccs /8.S had predictcd. The oprosition
B
systems_= subsidized, slate owned distitutio Mointej Oli 72f the vote of Ihc pro-government
system oriented Primarily [Cmard the low-income fces har 3eziined Irom Ihe 50 percent tney had
Unit groups and 3 tlurishing bleck market aimed at regis erez ir; Rne 1971 municipal elections_ #hile
middle- and upzer-income groups. The expansizn {he 8 vemf$7: compjred its 44 percent with the
5
35 perce : :a: Allende hjd received in 1970 In Icom "Im Ngb Yom [sd$ (Nm Yorbj: spt. 27, 197). Ixt; the 23per busis Ior comparison IvJS Mhe
54
7T7 {{970;
Navy
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57 ZX1
walchtowcr Jlong & scurity wall built acun Ihelr Santt
Apprchensive middle class homeowners naJn 4 mith "We |ill Win. Socinlist slorun on {re culside o (hc WJll courlcts
Jco ncighborhard; 4 ~Photo by Sanul Visall /t Pholorepontet
tha
havc stemmcd (hic erosicn ol support, Jt Icasl amcrz
1969 congrcssional elcctions On that bsis,
the msscs 0/ (he prx _ In"tist purties had sulfcrcd J slight loss in K*e$ but
Ior the govcrnmenl"s longcr-ranze
nad Jchicred J slicht in scats. Ccriin Cpposi- Unlsitun cly Uoribcrale
accentuation oi ciaes
Ionisls IJter JrGucd (hat the Lcll wouldt hJr suf; intcrcsts_ the ettect on the midale
losscs had it not bza fo; 7
consciousness had an opposite
them ked much Grenter class, dtivingG middle-class arejs t0 Or
Crnment-assisted elcctoral Iraud involtrin: somc
into "Ncighborhoad Commiltees' to deleng
Z.0.300,000 wotes_ but Ihc suatislics #lesented sclvcs
It also, lor the first timne_ led many (9
supporl 0f {he arcument are unconvincing: arensncvnsclves fc;
0
possiblc confrontation, which
Khile Ihc Ruvernment's interprclation of tr? elec: arin rom that Ihe sJtety valve of a
Im; J5 Aroci IhJt it iJs cxpanding its pcrwll sup_ sceinetl mnorc likcly
'as nq longer prasent A goi:
(mi mJS nc! Rcclrate_ the election resulls iizaied impcreding/oloticr o"Iimit?uar
wjse readjustments
"ui a lejst it hjd npt lost popularity 2s rxpidly a5 ennose nopog lc:? thari three Kires Cho minimun
XCYinUS Rovernments Ijced with similar cnzmic to thosc making
reassure the hostile micsle:
readjuslrnenl in (ktob:r;
WjEc did nolhing [Q
cTtst:s Desnite 0 IaGe
IaJ1 #JReS hJJ declired 7 percent in 1972. Jnd ra8; incomc sroups.
it had bcen rumored that
Inllution continuzd to consume Ih' WJz? irzrcase Beforc the elections,
in Alarch at a
cJrly 1973, Howecver, the combinjticn cf dis- there micht be anczher attempt
and the opposi: accominodation berreen the regime
(1iinjioly distribution of government-oroduced
tcrccs, possibly under the auspices 0i the
rnjs jnll
JppeJls (0 class consciousness szerzd to tion possible 2ccord 0l this type was quickly
military:
by the publicalion , two days after the
" 0i Ik3 invtstigalic? committfd 0i I7k Cj:te <
Prectiansd &
a go;ernment decree calling Ior the
Loci {OmUucej in in Libro A 078 R_ 3J. electians, rational unificd schcol
~i1 i [97J omil {no 21+*** r081ru) initijtion in June o 2 sirgle
itn Ro Jojn} Io @ld in 1910. Ino >rrss system, which would {ollod 3 common curriculum:
04 Cundl 0i "Irdujukat"" rotcu 0st.M:qu '3 Ine compuisor; courses in socijlism and work
includire
55
gin
ganize
Any
~-
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Ilcude ir Rctrospncct
EI3e= Dt 37iUt uttitrrnrr "aurZ7"C 7;nuditnZr
pcriods in Wv3ie_ Ine ensuirg uprour irolved arw) Xi 'sncel (x ' aslibulic: Ll lafas In the "re:
the Cathclk (axrch Ior Ihe lit5/ timc in Iorm;l (;s0 {ofrre: } 8.Cljr la %" [asanry #f d Iransitioral
sillon to trv: {n,erament jd (nobilized Ihuu:. sr1; ri/}uImo ycJms. (T Rovcrannef;u had oncc
0/ scconda: /*nl sludenls i violcnt (emcrtra. U;/$ # k; fhole in I6c 1967 Iau Wo frrstpane in-
lions in d;:#:itn Santi:co. Stories ol licrcr: #rPu: delm,e Ihc diste:ion ol { foprialcd Iand by
ments Ovet #; 'chool proposJls Jmone (t; top indiziael titlc )
mililary cmvz:r: (thc military had Iclt thc cabinet In Ihe Olficin p:i:c Inde:, jurrcf:d 20 pcrccnt,
allcr tne elatins) fillcrcu] into Ihc nalicn;l pfess, indicn ,e that tlle in.ition wi Ms/ir?, into J ncw
and 0 miai delezalion heldl 1 tormal rnc:e:tin?; hpe; itorary 5i258 Tnc cnc ei.;( Ihiat Ihc GOV-
wlth Ihe Etzw Ministry to cxpress Ihcir Ofposi: ernrJ:: ta: ma; # hold Iht: lirvs-_its rclusal I0
tion. The e*%ry subsick| oly whcn Ihc YoV- 9fen 3 Iuil cost-o lvin wj;: iric{ea e {a Ihie Ei
crnmcat 8K*,n;1d thal Inc proposal had bccn Tcritf;ie copfcr n;ies on Ili: Prrind; Ihinst undcr
postponea, Ezvicz (urther discussion_ Itcif &fsac: Ihcy 13.alrcady re3:in:} cartiel cost-
Within 1 {ournmicnt, Ihi' (lcbjle coritifjec} on of-lii % inciclses-_Iad {0 1 brui: ir:%, tno-ind a-hall
whclher to "cssslidate In ortlcr tq advunce" (lhe: rcofri * iC_ vhich inciudlc) 8 M:in,ers march on
Communist Vt.tion) 0r to "advance without com- San;iev) Gass (ail; :_ and sirnuilarir:ous onc-djy
promise" (Erz4 %rialist slancc) _ Onc Indication 0f gerce: :trikcs tor #rj jGnict I: %overnraent In
how Ihe dezz:e "Nas rcsolvcd wjs Ihc dccision by mid-Jur :. Cy Ih;? liine' AllcerJe: "/a5 once miorc
thc eovernret;t :2 use J constitutionally-aulhcrlzed reac/ ! rescrt lo niifanry Involvcrrcrit In thc cabinct
"decrcc Ct irkencc" allowing' the cabinct to Over- t0 res6Ke social [cicc
ridc the (ulisz; cl the Controllcr Gcncral 0l Chiile,
Hcclor Humb6, mho had disaliowed Ihc requisi-
tioning 0l ge o the Iactorics Iakcn Ovcr durinz
Im S1me_Ieclitl' and Fall
the Octcte? 1572 strikc. Conllicts also continued
wilh the jucr Occ the cxecutive'$ rclusal t0 On Jtr 29. Ihc? l.st act 0 Ihe Ctilean tracedy
obcy court 6. es to rcturn scizcd propcrtics. On bezzn /n1n &r abcrti::' !evolt by Ilw: Second Armored
26, tre *#cnerre Court scnt J public Iciter to Ro:zi;s : ic Santie Appsc(:ntiy, scrai army
Ihe Prcsidert Cer ouncing unit: t: teen in € iact with Calria % Libe:rtad, J
riehi-Ikk,€ Fciticl cE,nizaliorl, and ha planricd to
the 1czl atlitude ot the adminislration scize Fre; cent Allenj? at his rcsldencc and to
(Ils) open an4 ccntinual rcbcllion ogJinst judicial cccif:i Te presiae ial palace _ Thc revolt was
orders "hich signilies 3 crisis 0l thc rulc 6l Iaw carcclt:] ere day br"k"e it wa; to O.cur but whcn
(and) the immmri breakdown 0l the juridicisl struc- One: C} Ir#: cticers Ol #:2 Sccond Arrored Regiment
Ho lure 0l (he ccuntry: Yias ane:{cJ and h1c'd in Ihe Dilcnsc Ministry, Ihe
Rezirest deciced lo irse him ar) in the process lo
The stalerzate betwecn thc cxecutivc and the scize & e presidcnlil pJlace a5 urizginally planncd.
Congress oer trie constitulional amendment on the Generai Pra:s. Ine A:ewy Ccmnlunrer, useJ thc Olher
Threc Ares; 6 Procerty" maS compounded wtien military LF#ts in S1n:ijno to fut Ucvin Itie revolt in
thc Constituliczl Tribunal relused to lake jurisdic: a lem 6LrS__moSt tf phich wcre scert In nezotij-
tion Over Ihie ciscuted qucstion of whcthcr, ir the tion r2li.er {han shaeng__hut no: belcre President
absencc cl 3 Gez:scize, the Congress could ovcrride Allerc: tez €onc CHl Ir? Jir I0 Ur; e the peoplc" to'
Ihc Presidenrs Rem vetoes by a majority Or by a take Ger a%; injustrics Jrd enterprizes a5 3 response
two-thirds vc e A second constitutional conflict t0 the ~zisin of '3 small Group ol rctellious mili-
along the sar e lines developed when thc opposition tary men: Tre Cectral labor Federation also urzed
majority in Cc:zess voxed in {avor of an amendment the wcfe:s {0 CcUSY lhe factories, anJ in one dzy
{0 give larms Uf der 60 heclares: (about 100 acres) thc nuster Cf corirunizs taken Over by Ihe SOvern:
In slze a acscivte guarantee 'against expropriation Mcnt rce Icm 282 : 526. The "Irdustrial Bclts"
that haz sprung u? 3: Inz time 0/ thc Oclaber strike
nOw ach;eed ncw imA Ytancc_ The spread of "peo
Ubq Bibacd, 5_ 315_ ple'$ pomer (pder n ular) had teen seen by
Tr Im "6 ""ecus (n Ixt (nui ina Cniloja 0r0sldeat_ Allerze €s 3 detetieat t J possible (uture coup;
uniiao 0i} Us CLin:i1 @n Vtlo 0 {Y0 ierilo inividlji %ci@n}
4 Rodote] Vat but it crea:ej MJny ajditional problems or the
56
acain
"bi
May
4t~
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724, 33 3r53cZ47Rcd
{Cu; : in in #etpt lo ovct thiow tho govcrnrncnt
by {ert,ard mnililnry Intclligencc wj:
also aware ol Itv; intiption 0/ Hrin; Irjining by all (hc govcrn:
mcnf ,s @vcti (he: ccntrist Radicals " In thc
Course vi Ite;ir Crickrlown; Ihc military lound arms
cache s ;1 Icloric ; In S:nl and Concepcibn, Jnd
{hc 6in; c a workcr in onc such arrns rald pro:
voke:d ;nrs Iromn ilc: leltist parllcs,
Ml 1ti: {cint, Ulie Chile;in Cominurii:t Party and
Ihc Ctalic Church boxh concludcrl indcccndenily
Ihat tix: Cily zolulion (0 Ihc Impassc In Chilc was
Ore ',e: #}teinpt at un ogrccment bctwicen the Nlcrxl: % "rrircnt pArtics and Itc Christian Demo:
crals. T': Comnmuni:Is initiaited a campaign aRainst
civil wa #wzt gimultancously wilh 3 stalcmcnt by
Ihc Chileen hierarchy clllng lor
a rcrcmiwl 0l dla:
Pscbly in rsponsc lo Ihsc pressurcs
on both ,idc;, tuo Icnglhy discusslons look place o
July 31 txcn UD and PDC rcprcscntatives
Both Worktrs In hardhals ad bcaring pitchtorks march Allcnc : 2r;/} Ihe ChrIstlan Oemocrats axrecd
in Sunllogo in support 0/ the Allendc aJminisu ation ncct;*9 m enforccinerit 0l (hc Armc on (hc
during brict njtionwiuc strikcs by pro- and anti: but dicezret:nent continued on thc
Control Law,
Maraist elemcnt: in mid-Junc 1973. Tclorct erncn c fontinoed 9n (/hearrendrteriorn
on Ihc "Three kress of Propcrty" In rclurn for 3 Con: ~Wlido Wold .#hoto, stituli;sa: #endantrt snccifylng Ihat the Congress
wovcramenl; Productlon declincd sharply aller
ttic
could €ty Gucrridc presIdcntial vctocs 0f constitu:
Luleovers, (he Opposition &ot Iresh fucl Icr its clzim tional 3 ,v mcrits hvy J two-lhirds votc_ He also
Ihal Ihe eapansion 0 Slale coritrol 0f indusiry_ Prozcer:t: #C: #tsblishrnent of Joint committecs t
KAing Carricd out through extralcgal iJS work Gut {urker acr(cmcnts Howevcr, (hc Christlan "Urlcr popelaOul_&breupreexa in .h chanrer 0 and Democrits Gcunccd Ilcsc proposals a5 "dilatory"
Lilans appejted to Occu: and brche c% the nccotlations,
sonie extent t0 pose 3 possibic A fc" Incat d a alternativc to thc povcr 0/ thc ccntrai beloro thc dialogue was Initiated, the
Goacramicai truckors b:wan another strike_ whlch wijs to last
Alled Uke June 29 revolt , Allende made new cllorts from Juty 26 until Ihc coup on Scptember 11. As In
% 'rure involvement in thc
Octobcr, Ihe truckcrs wcre joined by the Olher
bul 'his negotiations viith the
amnca forcesrncnc grcmic:; Comin;; at 3 time when thc; 12month
Muecessiui, Instead, embarked
werc inflation ralc, fucled by mJssivc Bovcrriment budgel
6 "rcous enforcement ol Ihe Arms on J policy deticit ard subsidies to the nationalizcd Industrics
"casuic which hjd been
Control Law J and jpriculture, had rcnched 323 pcrcent-_and In N Chl; Spocadicad ybeaforcedtencreaOctobchis I?
3 siluation whcre invenlories hJd not yet bcen bullt
Ixharicd any: mililary
Or police
This Iaw up Irom Ihie Oclober" slrikc _the truckers' action
S%1 Out arms scarches il there commanders t0 created much morc scrious problems for thc govern:
Its clandestine was "a presumxtion ment than thie earlicr strike_ This new existence 0f illegal (irearms
again raised
crisis Once
iizht Patr Ia Y Libertad organization had
Ihc qucstion ot military participation
"m Jnrounced publicly (hat
it was under-
in Ihc cabirct, and General Prats persuaded his
going Iellow commanders that It was Iheir patriotic duty
(L4 coyat}
to re-enter Ihe cabinct in order (0 sellle (he strike
Y Inox mbolistons a)0ew in Evcill}
1vy I1',192), 9p. 1-10.
i1., Olcat (Stnl bzo). Ot 21, 1972. By " La MJ Wmi W Sik.nco | Ctst in In
Alln:e"? Etixccmi tcd)tudrj nJJ 0gmnitcd courses In
Jmy
Dd Waco I Nej In} iucc] Mjoi 0i {Nb "nirg 31 JJln ruse u~lfiJa Of 5jnnuj x Ino XiaPu Blspoi 0i (nd JiMed MCJn Uflin@&in II 0adie {ng qpdosilion f Ing Jrms-UtX,n.n} " Decemcer 19/2, &nJ In RaJiculs alj % in 152]_ Via_ 0mtJ bfcs aFt Jtfe 0/ itiis 0i #jst Dv 'nd {nu Ci July: See cxumtais in' Lbo Biance, Dp 4JaS, 193-9}, 196-Z0.
57
wro
loeue:.
d*js
military
Ihey
I xing
10 Iri
0.4+0
7$
July Tnc U4
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Allcmdlc in Rcuostct
1"591W0 DTTD~ETIDDS-
by Allende {0 replacc Ollicci; Unsympaltielic (9 him
When Gcneral Ruiz resigncd 'his `cabiriet PO: ( On
Aujust 17 in protest JGuin-t his 1azk 0f sullicicrt
powcr to sltle Ihe str ikG; Allcnde compclled him
Io add thal his; departure Itom Ihc cabinel "im
plicilly" carricd with It his relirement a5 Air Force
Commandcr.' This was corrtctly scen a5 an Allende
tactic t0 rcmovc an Ollicer oppo:ed 1o him, and it
mct scrious rcsistance irom within the Air Force_
provoking a scrics of actions which ultimalely led
dircctly to Ihc Scptcmbcr 11 coup:
On Aucust 20, top Air Forcc otticers mct t dccide
whcthcr t0 resist Allendc's action: 'By exeninz' Ruir
had pcrsuaded thcm to Jcccpt it On thc condition
that Allcndc appoint the sc cond-ranking olliccr ,
Gcncral Gustavo (cigh, Js Air Force Commandcr and
Trucks stand idle oulsidc Valparal:o, Chilc 0n Scp: namc anottcr Air forcc Gcncral to the cabinct (so
Iembor 8, 1973, Ihe 4dth dy 0 a paralyzing Itans: (hat Allcndc could not rcpcai the same muncuver
prtalion strike. with Lcich) . Thc ncxt' nicht thc wivc; of hizh-ranking
mllitary Olliccrs, including: thosc ol Sik acnerals,_
~upl ealhcrcd in frort 0f Gencral Prats' house lo present
a Iclter asking lor his resignation. Vincn thc ccmon-
On Auzust 9 Allendc swore In what he called 0 ctration wias broken up by police {car ga5, il pro
"natlonal sccurity cabinct;' with Gcneral Prats as vokcd such dissension In thc armcd lorccs {hat 'on
Delensc Mlnictcr, Air Force Commandcr Cesar Ruiz (hc following day Ccneral Prais dccided to resign
as Minlster ol Transport (lhe ministry which would bolh as Dcfcnsc Minister Jnd Army Commandcr. He
dcal with the striking truckers), anu Ihc heads of wjs joincd by two othcr gcncrals who, with Prats,
the and ol Ihc National Police in Olhcr cabinct had Icd thc military lorces that had quclled the
Posts. tank-regimcnt rcvolt in June:
Almost colncident wlth thc entrance. 0l the mll: Thc rcsignation of what appeared to be thc last
Itary Into the. cabinet, the naval establishment bc: dclcnders ` ol Allendc in the army nom meant that
came Involvcd In a serious conllict wiith the Icft wing all thrcc serviccs wcre opposed to thc President; It
oi the Allcnde coalition: On Auzust 7 thc njval coincided with thc adoption On Ihe same djy o J
Intellizcnce drm anounccd the discovery o a plot "scnsc of thc house" (acuerdo) resolution by the
to carry out an enlisted men's revolt on August ] L in Chamber 0l Dcputies 'directcd at the President and
Valparalso and Conccpcion. The announcement thc mililary ministers, drawing their attention to
accused PS Secretary General Carlos Altamirano, "the scrious brcakuown 0f the constitutional &nd
MAPU leadcr Oscar Garreton, and Mizucl 'Enriques; Iccal orcer. 0 Thc resolution crilicizcd the Allende
hcad ol the MIR, %f being Ihc "intellectual authors covernmcnt Ior rcpeatedly bypassing the legislature
of the revolt and demanded the lilling 0} thc con: through the usC 0 lcgal loopholes and Ior refusitg
ercsslonal immunity of the lirst tno_ who sat rCspcc- to promulgate the constitutional reforms vc'cd by
tivcly In the Senatc and the Chamber 0l Deputies. the Congress. It accused Allende of ignorinz judicial
Two days bclore the Septcmber coup, Altamirano orders, encouraging ilicgal seizure o property, Perse:
admilted Ihat he had encouraged navymen l0 resist cuting opposilion Iabor groups, and supcorting
I their coup-minded (goipista) ofticers illegal paramililary Or= ganlzations. In conclusion, it
This attempt t0 subvert the hierarchy O a servlce stated that thc listcd Jctions constituted a "serious
command Irom below was combined with mancuvcrs brcakdown o the constitutionjl and lezal order o
the Republic" ad urged the military ministers to
6 Wn Jn Indicaton % ina continuinu Pross (reejom in Chilo thut "put an end to the 'de tacto situations listed abjve
owiund In dorntown Cnila J1 Inis limt cnta rto Ictt-#Inp which violate the Constitution Jnd the law" Or be
pudiksiion N= Jiined, "Soldter$, D;sobey Jout om,cors, snd
NuwIlce & 0I{remo Righi #Itn In Melies_ 'Inc Aibnf. 0(
Atbai"bon "Retolloa JnJ Il Goalt;' JnJ "Ratmbunco to Ina Tytant: Lido Bijaco; Pp: 319-42.
58
Nawy
Ira
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25 33uT
cuilty of "comnromising tiv' rixlional
ZZRST 97r1ZT 26
sional character Ol Ihe Jrmed {orces: Jn.; . Fioles- nut (lum into Opcration N:r;E (hc acluJi seizurc 0/
In its original torm, ihe rsolution ha:!
conirol rcquired little preparation
Ihe Allende government lo bc cleclarcd arldc Ihc resignation Cl Aht third wcck of August,
acuerdo mhad "ater bcen SOlter illc? Oraof ; bul Ihc Allende restruciu;ed his cabirict without thc top the support o/ the Chrs{isa Democratdva : {Ossecuce commandcrs ' but gtill rctained representa:
was still to givc 2 congressional
ils cllect tives of Ihc armcd (orces in ministeriji posts: Over
and AllendcOnmexialicly {506n, ";heted he the opposition % othcr PS leaders, he appoinlcd a5
He replied to the motion
so irt'eted it. Briniicr ofathc Interior his Eciali ; colleaguc Carlas
o/ "promoting
hecouion Ly bccusii; 'tn Contress Briones; who was knonn to E: intcrestca in analnes
lorces to makc
by askin; inr a/tempt at accommodalicn with the Chrlstian
govcinaucntal juclg;rcnts Inde: crals. The president Dcmo
pcndently" of the authority and cliree tion 'of thc 1o Ihc
aiso cancelcd a projected trlp
pcsldenc"? he also pointcd oui Ihat #ccording hc
Thc:
Conlercnce 0 Ncn Alizncj Nations in Algicra
the Constitution the only: wajy (hal Itiz
government and 'he Operssition agjin staged
could decide % lhe Icralily % thc Pressicent'
~Gonecoss rival dcmonstrations in ccnrcction
wiith tho thlrd
of his oflice was
'con: anniversary %l Ihc 1970 oresice tia/ elections
two-thirds vote_
through. Imficachment by
1 On thc wcckend belore Ihe coup, the Christlan
The congressional
vofc was cchocd by
Democrats Callcd all prciincizl parly leaders Soan_
prolessional associations. The
sevcrai mecting at which 3 procozal %as adopted Ior (he
called On (heir "collciguc"
Alleaclc:{o Assschtioa Pimultancous rcsignation 0l trc Congiess and {he
request Ihat was echoc z hy Ihe Io resign-~a President and for nex: elections to resolve (hacone
Fcclration of Pro tessionals (CUPROCF)-_and recicnationt
petitions wcre circulated in SantioEo The LJwvycrs' Association
Isuecle declaration "hich _"wilhouf allributinge
malevolent intention" to Ihc Presicicnt_aassectcagan
betwcen thc Institulional (ramework
wthln which he Is supposcd (o cxcrcisc his officc
anaithc actions which hc feels oblizcd to carry OcC
in hls program " Arguinz (hat Allcncc "would
lo be incapacitated (imcedido) irnnc cxcrcisc OPhas
tunctions as he undcrstands thcm,
thc stalement Suzrcsted that hc could beremoved Irom olfice
indcr Article 43 of thc Constitution, which allfoc
ies the to declare presiclcntial incapacity:
Ihe
when Ihe decision to carry out (hc coup
wJS made is not yct certain, but it evidently was Icjched In the {ollowing Pruts' resignation.
Ilxc armed forces had contirigency plans for the cantrol 0/ vital points throughout thc
Gl any country in case
and it only required a signal to
Ii ~ercuri) (InleraJlijnjl Edition)
"ja 0i Ina cnristean 2026, 5 Democ'Jlic Fa:ly tald tork Timcs 6ounat #0 noi Ine @rmed lorce"$ ijjji 73'; Dtuls'^ (3 Chile'$ palulical c{1sis
anylnlag bur Gen Carlos Prats, lhen Cormarder-in Chief o the
1n1 0 Jwpij Jut cmpnds }ed . inai Chilean
~mmaf 0i
boakdorn.0i (nc Constitution mJs Ina and Minister Gt Detense, leaves the MiltaY Men In Jl least s6 Cbdinei Oobis_ 0$ Keli 03
President Palace on August Jcw'rliFin'y Esiicns Jn]
43 ci {hc cnic/ Bovero:
15, 1973, alter
Ik'0 Im Nc e Yost 27. 1973, 0 12_
conterence on the transport crisis:
6or6en0 (Inlernariongl {G fJn;;, Ala 26-Sedu,
1, 197), P. 7_
OT
59
[D;
military
mililary;
military
duct
6
"incornp: tibility
Congress
Coup
Exaclly
days
emergency.
Aug. 1973, 'Ine
Ine Nem
0ii Army
nejjs;
Timps. Aug:
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Alleule_in Retrospect
Salvador Allende hurries throush the coricc?s ot thc Presidential Palace with his Personal bodygujrd 0
the : morning o September 1L, 1973, short' tetore (aking his Own lite during the military cOup detat:
~Paolo by 7mo Now Yob Timod
flict between the executive and legislative tranches. known center cf Ieltist activism, wJs taken over with:
During the same weckend, Allende met with the out a hitch SantiJgo require: J lew hours longer.
leaders o his Popular Unity coalition and cailed tor To justify thcir action, the military: commanders
the holding o a plebiscite 0n his conduzt <f ciize. broadcast a communique to the nation. While ad:
Although this step was" reponedly cpposed bx the mitting that Ihc Allende government had initially
Socialists, Briones subsequently asSeriad that come fo powcr by Iegal means, announced thjt
Allcnde planned t0 announce the plcbiscite in a it had "fallen into Ilagrant illegitimacy" by violjting
radio address at noon '0n the day Of the coup fundamental rights, by "artilicially lomenting (he
Meantime, afler a stormy session with Alerde o class struggle, by rclusing %0 implement the de
September 7 , the military commanders pra-zeded-on cisions oi thc Congress; the judiciary and the
Sunday: September 9 to draft the tett ci the Controller-General, by causinz a critical dccline in
pronunciamiento issued on September 11. did agricultural, commercial and 'industrlzl . activity In
not secure the agieement 0f the Natiorul Police the counlry, ad by bringing' about J state of in-
untll early o the morning o the coup itse:f, and flation and anarchy which "threJten the internJl and
only after the fourth-ranking ofticer in seriizy had external sccurity o Ihe country.' Thc coup lejders
taken over the position of police commanzer_ concluded:
On September 10, Navy units set sjil Irom
Valparaiso for previously scheduled maneuers but These reasons are suticient in the light ot classical
that evening they returned t9 port anj ty eafly doctrine to justity our inteention to depuse &
morning of the Ilth had seized control ct :rJ: city. government which is illegitimj:e. immoral, and un
Concepcion, the third-ranking city in Cnilz &nd a representat:ve o the Overwheiming sentiment o the
nation:'
Intormjlion Iom Ine Jutnor"$ Dcrsonsi inleniieus 30ptico
Aykin;, Jjn: Ml, 1974, Jna Carks 0i Jnes Jn_ 14197_ At 9.30 a.m,, when it -was appjrent that no one
acouats 01 Pce Couc militjry #littks 457jr 'N 7CzisJn
Scitace Monito (Boston), Seot. M)_ 193J: Vjil Sre IL~
but the GAP, his personal balycujrd, was ready to
(New Yofa). Sepi: 25, 197]_ Lc Mojj (Puis), 0x JJ_ 2J71 0J detend him, Allende broadzast his Iast messjge t0
Roban Mosl "Cnile" Coud &na Atter (rquntet (Lonlu Vrh
J974, Pp_ 12 80_ D Udo Bijiko: Po 248-42
60
thcy
Tr?Y
1K
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0EOrDirad
Ihe Chilcan pcople ovcr {hc singlc pi Allendc racio aclmuinistralion to justily courSc shnles 3; 3 Prc- station that had not yct becn shiut down by Ihc requisitc "Ihc suprort o Ihc majority o Inc pcople military. He began: Allende actcd as i( hc had that support; but evcn
This is J( Ihe highest point 0l his popularity in the April
surely the Iast time that will be able (0 spcak 1971 clcctions, hc nevcr achievcd il. Morcoucr, his
Io YOu. My words are not spoken in billcrness' policy o/dclibcratc class polarization, almcd a1 ex-
but disappointmcnt, In Ihe Iace &r these evcnls panding his clectoral basc_ was more succcssiui 'In can Only say (o Ihe workers, "i ar not going (0 nitling prolcssional and middle-class
resign. At Ihis historic juncture will_pay with my him Ihan ;in widcning his
groups aga/nst
lile Ior the loyally o the people. support among workers,
peasants and low-incomc groups.
2) MarAist cconomists and policymakcrs have Blaming "{oreign capital, Imperiallsm, and rcaction"
always placcd primary cmphasis o Invcstmcm and
Ior pcrsuading the armcd lorces_to break with lhclr the cxpansion 0i thc productive capacity ol thc tradition, he sald: cconomy: By contrast, the Allende policymakers
History will
cmphasizcd incrcases In consumptlon and cornbined
judce thcm: volce wlll n longer: this with a: hcadlong rush to (akc ovcr Induslry' and
come to you, but it does not maller_ You 'will con- agriculture_~a coursc Iar rcmovcd trom {he "tro tinue t0 hear Il; it will always be among you. At Ihe
stcps lorward, one slcp back" o Lenin: The conse
least, You will remember me as an honorablc mjn quenccs of these pollcics allcr their dcceptive Initial
who was Ioyal to (he revolution: 10 success were massive govcrnmcnt dcllcits, runaway
At 11.00
inllation, and
a ncar brcakdown oi tho economy_
a.m. the coup leaders permlttcd thosc (The arcument that Allendc's cconomlc problems who wished lo do so to lcave thc bullding ad_ were Ihe result 0f a shortage of forelgn crcdit does
exccpt Ior his personai secrctary_all the womcn, not rcally hold water , since wcro caused Including Allende's pregnant daughtcr , Icft. The policics ` Initiated bclore 'hc (orcicn squceze
ahd
military also Ollered the Presldcnt and' his family
Since, In ay cvent, Allende's regime manazed to
sale conduct Out of the country If he would sur: securc enouch lorelgn credits Irom Latin American,
render . Allcnde rejected ` thc offer , The Air Force European, Sovict and Chinese sources (o Increase Ihen sent in Hawker Hunter bombcrs, which re: the Chilcan Iorcicn dcbl Irom $2.6 billion to 33.4
peatedly hit the palace with rockets and sct (Ire to billion in lcss than threc ycars. Much of thc ncm Iargc portions 0 it. Finally, shorily alter 1.30 p.m indebtedness was to Wcstern Europe and olhcr Latin
'Allende decided to discontinue: the resislancc,
and American countrics. Surprisingly, Chilc's dcbt to the
Ihe members who had bccn with him left the build: USSR, China and Eastern Europe Increascd only Irom
Ing in single tile, led by the secrelary carrying
s9 million to S40 million between 1970 and #hile Ilag Allende stayed behllid and, Sitting o
1973.")
' sola In 3 reception room On thc sccond (loor, put
Ino bullets into his head. The automatic rille that hc
uscd was a gift from Fidel Castro." 10 Translaled Irom Iho Ienscrlpt 01 Ino IAPI recording 0/ Ino seeech
Dublished In Riczrdo Boitard, Ei Ullimo 0ls do Aitenjo (Tn La:i
0t Allende) . Santiaro, Ediorial de PecIlico, 191J_ Dd_ 5155.
0 On Allenda"t Juicido, sc0 meaicji 'Opuri In {i Mo/cutio (onclusions (Internalional Edition), Ot 29-Nov. 1971, PD. JN 1 Tr oyeritoess testimony 01 one 01 Ihu Presldsnt s Deisonji phyticijm_
mho entered tnd r0om Immediately Inerearter Is oudiltna" In Erclllo: Since Ihe coup, comments In the world Jjn. ? 8, 1974 Op.101}, Allon o"! widor hu' #sried ut press bilncs Ses Iolj ner {ney nJd #Len Dullel wound} In nlj cneji JNJ tepresenting divergent political postures have Mcmacn Jupdoseu account Dy Derwonji bodrzujrd clrculalod cxted Ihe Chilean case as proof that the hope o in Nlerico a.7] eisewheto descridlne hls murdat conijins nunetous ehievlng Marxist socialism through democratic Ijctuji #ut0r} and desciide: cveni} #hich coul mi n.0 (0kcq
ians is J' vain Dia:e Dcjuse 0 Ina Dnysical design 0/ Ina building On Inis nJ one_ Yet most people have failcd: to oirtr myths 01 Leit anuJ Aicnf concerning (nd olqiinioc 0t Mlp two lundamental errors of the Allende policy, Altndc Je0 Pbul [. Sirmund, "Alleaja (nfourn Ino Mynt ~ither ol which was essentially worromiem (New totk) April 1974 DP. 1621.
stcmpi
related to the M Secretarle, Comi'd Inle-amerlcano de 15 Alisnta DJre 0/ Prover to establish democratic socialism: (CIAP): EI Eshverto Interno / Ias Neresidades do F,nsn"iamiento
(W) As noted at lhe outset, the very quotation Irom Esteina Dura Desatrollo de Cnilo (Domettk Ettorts anJ ino Netds
that Allende cited at the beginning of his ijr Eblernji Ft inancing (ct {a Dovebpmant 0 Cnit), Wesningen, @,
1974, P
61
My
Ihcy
Day
(no:
widely
Mjny
(nsels
v9
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Allenle in Retros[uct 5373rn1l 52aT{F IOL~ilnrh 3r7 03A Li>
Jls) 'inJac (ux" cjn Jlso (t Allemwk' $ Uulncuities (o (li "Specilvc asprcts o tne Cmlcan system contr;idictions in (hc" Afusist Uiory {0 which
(ho Allcnde cnecriment J parliculjrly dillicult one icherent
(clairncd
to coine to mowcr in the tirst plzce to arpe led. At Ihe sanle tirna th;tk hc Pr
Hc mJS able
commitment to the his Iith in a demacr:ltic. pluralist Jnd lit)a (arinn
becuuse ol Chile's deeply-rooled
aransition Io socialism), miny 0i his Murxist . Sup: democratic Systcn and becausc the Alxxist parties
n Ihc hnsis 0 0 bclicl In
wcrc ablc to mobilize & ol Ihc proletarijt anj ruricrs spokc and actcu
hls
and he nad at his disposal mjny tre' incvitabilily 0f Jrmed conlrontaltion_ Wilh
Ihe pejsantry,
thc Khich Ancilcdgc, thcy armed Ihomselcs and_whal wJs
Instrumcnts Ior stjtc contiol 0 economy inccssJntiy Jbout rcvolution; Illo Ic;
had been dcvcloped by prcvious administrations Bojted Stalteracmc c/ RCgiS br_Yvordt Onhcrsohar
since the 1930's. Howcvcr , hc wJs rcquired to pcJted
Iceallly
within Jn inslitulional system which included Inc obseryjnce 0 Iha rulcs o "hourccois"
operate
elcctions, proportionjl: rcp: wJS only J
tactic until (he balince 0 loiccs had
(requent 'and st:esered
which nade improvcd WJS hardly likcly to persu:ti' doulitcrs 0
rescntatiun, `Jnd 3 (nulliparly
veto pow- the sincerity o Allende's cornmitinett Io dcrnocracy: majority rule very ditlicult-and Olten 8Jve and distritution 0 arms Wa} crs lo the extremes o Right-and Lcll The cconomy When the imporItion `
charactcrized lor ncarly J century by 1
corbincd with cllorts lo forg 1niza' c(lucalion alorg
had bcen
inflation, and successive Govern: ideulogical lincs, to sbvert milil:"y discipllnc; and
chronic lcndency to
in the 0 rcwriangc Ihc hicrarchy % commnand; 't I; not ments had consistently ignorcd asriculture
Thc Jltogether surprising that Ihc mililary IInally (ook
Interest of sccuring urban clcctoral support:
most important syslemic constraint % al, 0/ course; Jction:
Allcnde would
the existcnco ot J
prolessionalized and insti: A positlve:evaluntion of thc; ycars
was which was unresponsive to certainly credit him with J sincere cllort to ralsc
theodcoiogiv3/ bizngisnmench
0l the Lelt:
(c living -standurds % Iow-incoma groups and %0
the Idcologicjl
military intervcntion involve them Jctively In the delerminulion % Ihelr
The immcdiate causcs of the
Qitn future. It would likewisc Stre"ss thie contlnucd
are appjrent (rom Ihe preceding account; In the Ijst 0f frecdom 0 exprcssicn Ior all points 0
part 0l 1972, Ihc military wcre drawn into Chilejn existence
the cQup; n Morc ncRatlve politics by both sides Jnd bccame Js polarizcd 25 vie in Chile right up to
thc overwhclming Jsscssment woul Jsk whcther tho low-Income
(he rest 0 Chilejn socicty__with in Chile gcnuinely benclilcd Irom Jn CCO: majority joining (he opposition to Allende; The con: squps 'tirst hall o 1972 pfo:
(lict ovcr education in March-April 1973' heicht ncmic policy: which aftcr the
cned Ihat polarization Just at Ihe time the military duced hyperinllation, 0 continuous drop In
extricate themselves Irom politi: culzural and industrial produclion, and 3 reduclion
wcrc atrempting to
0f arms
in the real valuc of wnces and salaries. Evcn more
cal Involvement; Then the cxpansion onc could inquiro who has sultered the searches in mid-1973 revealed Ihe extent t which critically.
terms 3S d rcsult o
was becoming Jn armcd cJmp on the verse most in cconomic and In human
Chile
Finally, the efforts l0 subvert Ihe existins
Ire breJkdown of the Chilean syslen_lhc Marxlst
ol civil wjJr_
Ieltist activ- Foliticians, many o whom wcre abl t0 escapc Or
mllitary hierarchy by J combination o
exile , Or the workers, pcnsants and slum: ity among enlisted men and presidentijl mancuver- 80 into
reprcscnt; who arc ncw Ing with promolions Jnd retirements provided the dweiles claimed t0
"s mistake;
classis scenario lor a coup detat:" puying the price ot (he Allcnde rcsime
in the {orm of Ihe hardships Imposed by shjrply
redduced consumption and Ihe sttictures o/ dracon:
Tno Sociblists 8i-8y$ boliovoj Inat Iney couij conwe Irt in milirary rule:
mililty @ Indir OLIn *4 . Tnit /} Ilit:nziy 'erexled ' sxcialist Pilb
aorumanl: Dublisnau in {na Ltbio Bisno, Do. Iz+j0
62
pjrt
systcm
aGrl:
they
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Wa
SOVTET ARi.S?, Lrkcp
15 Auwuct 197u
Kremiin' s Hland in Allendes Cxile
by JAMES TKzdEAGE
Whv did Solvador Allende': 'eu3lu:ionjry Aov- Istn I0 Sccivlism nccrssarily rcauircg that the
ctarieni cnd in 0 blnodbamn Ec:zi:e Sovist sup. prolo arib} us co nvcr:cd info Iho loading closs.
Pott ind (ho plaudi;s 0i In; meilg:; Icl:-wing into tho &etsrriting socijl forco"
oxtrcc is(s, sho sJw In Chile 0 rem Puth ijr Corimunigt stralcay: sharcd by Salvador
Socialism $ morch %0 Power? Allc:ids ard Iflc: 'moaeraio wirn 0l Iho Socialist
Jom?: Trehersc. who Is.Dizector ot (+g Lztin Party. Vj) %0 "c" s#rthrow Ik? bourgc3;s stafo
'Americon Dcpsrtmiant 0i Ie G 3,3et3wn Uni: J?c conalieiic;l, Using ,tFO legal devico 0i Ito
versit; Ccntor Ior StrJt:gic ard Ictcanationji pla bisci:s. a0 intcrvigw wi:h Regis Debray ln
Siudics, shows how fosgow. Ine ?iig broxt;cr {971 ,engs eaiJ: "As :r Iko tourceois' sta:0 0
shough ejgar (0 cxplcit Ihis oprninj in Ltin liv' Dresent mnfincnl; Svq &1r0 sciking i0 Oycrcorro
Americ0 I0 Ihs Iull, di:67c88 ixh Allcndc' $ i( To ovcntrem il" (Raiis Dchrax, Tho Chiledn
hexdlong methuds and whiic %2/cin? him &f !hc Revolution, Cone saicns "i:h Allendc, Nuw
growlng: cconomic chao; deried him cnough York , Ra; dcn Htuso, 1971 0.82).
financiol oid: Mass roosnilisatlon;_Inliliration 0/ Chilcan in.
In 1925, Moscow Cispaicr;ed Z%eocio Ravlces, sif;e'i3riz 633 luctic:l allinnccs mith Ihg ~fzzsi:.
0 brilliant Pcruvian Commurig:csinie:, t9 Chilo tijn vele 19 br &mployad to acncra:g sullizicrt
to Irplamsnt Iho "nited Iron: 212 an:i-lascist Dooular :07z/Mrt: Ccngfess #YJs Io to replzced by 0
populzr Ircat straicgy fhz! t2d rezlecad . Iho Popuib: #3;er:bly ond !hj existing Icqal syaiem
ultra-iolt stfal93y 0i (he Ccriren, Sinco that b5 'populer Iribunals _ Prcsicen)t Allende '9
timo tho Chilcan Coinzwniet 023 jyncrally has pii-je I0 Lorold {ho Stjtq 0/ Guarjn;ees-
tollowed & strategy 0t br3jz ai7.28 and litnitcd (dacigsed {9 csrimit his governrcni (0 Preeervo
alms, antoush tho Cepan Ikic Jion Izd I0 Chile $ Cef ralic Ireccoing and institu;;?3g In
,adicalisation 0f Ferty 3:*71. cxchjnse # Conzessidl supFori) ws simely
0 "Iicecel recc:sity I0 awin power a5 he 6x-
Tho Chlloan Com ur i:i 3ar*1, Spe 0f :.0 Most plained {aic .
loyal cro-Sovinl partija in Lain Aeric . Qjve Tno Cfileen Conimunlsts anci tncir allies. In'
unqualifieu support to In : Sziie: bloc icvasion Moscov Vie'e lrejsy aboui Iho ideological im-
0/ Czechoslovakia in 1563, Nic9 i9 (ortuncs plica;;onz 6i Ine vin Chilenj a3 edvocj:ed by
hJvo shiltod Ihrough th? Ye2r2 2$ a {Csuli 0f Salacor Kilenc: (DebraY. 0.119) Tre Com- dorrestic #nd inlornationji Cee-zre::s_ it Un: muris: pari ((hked {0 ondorsc the via, Chilcna Slin:incly supportcd thg Iix:: 2: g:ns 0 Soviu
J5 2 ucicuety Crflaan path t0 socialism, which Juoign cclicy and rcpe3ie: :.+237s #eres 0l in:pricd I.3t it (niht nol noccssarily assume tha
anti-rapzriaiism Jnd cla:; warfzle lendirg (cle afer comp'ct0 poivcr wJs gjined by
The party. at least pricy t9 &14 militzry Inter - thj Pcjuler Un % cojlition, Tha Chilcan pJfy
vcr:tion 0/ Sentembur_ 1473. sie9 #e rest C:cjn- sourca |RcscC;#:' $ djcliru ol %he via pecilizj
Jsed and strCnzcst in I,iin kzeic)_ Eerwaen "Kich accczied Irce eleclions ann Fopular Qiural.
1956 and 198) it larmad 2m 1.237 a liancc Icr inn a5 a sr.eft-lerrn (Jclicai cvicu under Chilejn
olectoral Prposes with 1k6 Sc2'61:S1 Party. its cz:Uiticn:: bet aincd in Iho Iarig run J8 instal:ing
moru mili:ant Marxist rival C;; 69 Left. Sut in 3 Sovie:-g/ie Canmunist dic:Jtorship. The viu
11969 tho Communist3 decics:: etar & miuch Mofa cicil'c] Mie: n?l 3$ pacifi: 35 tta slogzn ifn) -
broadly bzsed ailiance 0t ':bis; toces wJ5 Flied: i erstaced Jll lorms 0/ cljss ccn"lict and
nocessi:y Icr tho {ranslo:zaic cf :9 coun:ny violenca MRCM of arncd insufeci;on and civil
Into 3 socialist s&:0 JnJ Ife Ceye: 3 rola $yzi in Ihe ff~#ss oi estblishirg thc "dicitor-
In tho Iounding 0f tha Pozie Frent (a s*ip 0/ Ire prcle:j;iat
coalition ol six Ict:ist partiz:) 6; ne end at that
yejr . Aire? Iho 1970 cles:crzi "iczry of th9 Nis eading Imjsa
Popular Unity Fron: 'ncer Szlvacc: Ainco thg Th? v;j chilend crocljimed by Allende scon
Communis:s Uacjmb Ira s6'a TCJI in;lential Ji:er his elec:ion vids widaly misencasiccd in
lorco viithin tho cojliticn. It #25 2 {3i' ~0ltar [h? Vest. Thc i:a3o that was ofcially prz?j-
organisod Jnd discipliced Feft & :er: than its sJicd wJs IR:[ 0( 3 u-iquely Chi'ean Path to &
'clogast rival :hg more ideccg:ce:: L; ezble and n?: ioe 01 iisthununis soc:Jiis:n_ #e:e
militant Socis!ist Party. i.:iC hbcrties. cccnom;c Piuraniim 3;ic1 Itca
elections were rcspecied ty Jii; Bzer inbersls
The ultima;e &in 0i Ite part Zid rct wJvor m#e led I0 believe tnar tha A:lenjc covcrnfcen:
Ihrougnoul tho Aitanad Derioz 7r,0 Ccmmuriaus
KJs c3nc uct:] J new Bcs ein-Eurofcjn tYp0 hoped t0 60 Jblo f0 tako aCvzr:ace &, Iko wojk: f dcnacutic Eccialism in (hilc_ This imjze
ness of tho democraiic insau:ccs %0 insizil 1 ck: ie:: mi:h I? reality of Sal:cor Allcac:';
"dictatorship ol tho prele:3ri&: unter roir r~Julonary amb:'ion I0 Wisc Cn;is's Plerj;s
dircstizn. Their Sicruxefy-G_e:zi_ Eciardo #nofazy {9 cic:Oy it . HJ seencd t0 Fjve
lbjca, mjcg #nis cle: in n.$ Cei:#n 27 #w^uned Ic %ij Chitenj Izlmul during: ;Jsi
Hores (Sart"co, Eii:i: 0#33 {9721, {n
p C iiis coveriimgn: Nut oniy cid: h? mrely
which h0 drclarod: "'Fc i;Em icam capilsl:
34
452
L7SC
Tho
k0y
Lzi:y
{rm
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14-QQQQQ
errploy i In #s speeznr; bu: Ihc Iniportancc 0y the political &nd cconsmic Jiructure by pcacnlul,
e;crving '#emcv nlu:Jlsm and riberty" cor:; i uicrini Miebnz,
61r cornicuousty aase}
Tho
Nevcr:tce;s: #G:co 'JJ ro; Iillin? to
Dfo: Qovrnich:s ralcy 03 Vcry much (o vicJ Ic 0:3:;6/0 short-Icm cotinui;y 055;. Moscow s lijing: Searo o/ US Invusimenls, I J;c0 (such i; Icoc:{u"s) Of uriied co?vertblo cspuus il 0i the cxie 01 'icquenic ii nlal. curfc;cy ieei:; "Hich tho rcjice ncedlec} 80 Ism (reljlions win Ji #tus icsard.0s? 2/ Gnznce tho impori 0/ Idod, soj e 73;;. and Idoolosy and inicaczi %r"iical ch;acer). cizJer n:shiery !0 dilevio:g local shortases #oscov/'&
rolatlon; with Ikc saia"st Cace, Jru tho lostcr- 891.5 mi;lion in s*ort-torin bJnk c;c'Zi8s "99 m1o ol 8n anti-i zerislist (ami-US) Iront in djub: kolplul but paled ilo Insisnilicacce bxloro
Latin Amarico. Iho Gegj IQ {inanca Ctulo'^ lmnori rquicmcri
Under Iho Allence reqima. torcign policy wJs which_ Icr {o2d alorg. v4ro runnirg J8 ItG rafg 3i
rcorlcnted. and the Previcusly closo.lies Iith tha ~tQut S 709 rnillion Ja YeSr svhen ahj Allends
Unitod States wero re l.cec by sirong nolitical, rcjmg collap:ed_ Tho Sovict Igaccrship told
oconomic and scic-i;c tio3 viith the socialist
Crikean Communia: and Pocular Uni:y olicials
countrias, above a1 ititn Cubj onu Ino USSR. #t Ihg main c#ort to Improvc Ihe tca:zmic 3iU.
Tho {irgt Irip 0/ ihJ Fereizn fainislur, Clodomiro Jtion woJlt have {0 bc Irndlo by Inc Allcrco 55
Almoydj, outsidc 01 lriin Amcrica vi8g (0 Iho eramcni Mcscom repcaladiy Stress?d thjt Ihg
UsSn ard Exstern E&CpJ. In Mjy-Juno. 1971_ 'Pozular Uwi; governmcni Must "cvcfso the
Prcsldcru Allencu viskeJ Nioscalv In Dcccmber, cjlxmi;ous dccling in pro Juiction and procucta
1972 , iceuleciemard ptrsunal ties linkcd t0 hnbe: € chancc 0l viinning aer
7 majofity
tho Chiloan Comnay;ise Parly Icadcrs wvith tho 0} rho Chilcane I0 Ihu couso '0/ sociJlism:
Sovlet prty ldaccrs ip J:d Sulvujor Allende wi;h
Fldul Casiro, Relusing t0 givg Alicnrlo tho hard currency
crodits he reeded I irn?rovo worscning Presidenr Allcnda's cascriplion ol (ha USSA chjnccg tor survivai_ Moscoiy conrenc itgell as . Chilo'3 "hig bro:ravr (hetmano mayor ) wJs with orsjrisirg goliderity ruerings dr 1zmc und no morc ligura 0/ spezeh tut rellcclur Iho Oxpect- JofoiC in it;e hcse Ihit Ihc;o cemcnstrilicns otlon 0l hi? governme:i thJt tho USSR would bo woulu Iejch thg: cjr; 0l thc Chitezn
coino tho most imzcrtjnt socijlist olly of tho
Eoscow Rcdionng Az3u,' 1973 Chiite Ec oval
rcvolutlon and tho mjx ccanoinic bulvark o/ tho Jl'y and "big bro:kcr Yins
willing {ezell Socet
rcglmo. Moscow did, i lace. bccoma thc miost Mj chincry and cquipm;cnt to" him _thj? CX: Imporiani sourch 0l scr-ilist camp 'ccramic aid Fanc Scuci cxz;::: #nce' by {Jng-icrn) cechs
dnd crcdlts to the Pzzuljr Unily gcvernmcnt; but denicd him thg shortaterm nud lotolling :620.0 mixlicn
1 $:58.5 million in shorta credits he dcsoeralely necdcd.
currcncy
toran bjnk crcdit 4nj s463.5 million in proicet
eld ond gupplior crcci:s) in to 1971.73 pariod: A combinaticn 0l circirnslances Atoscow'$
Tho USS? Jutharis-J s22.5 milllon in credits G?sl'y cnlanglcrnent in Cubn, eccnomic d:izulkies
(598.5 million In shon erm crcdit and 5162.0 2 homo. :tcrlagez 0l g;ain and Ioreicn exchange
mllllon In cconainic 0:*} (0 tho Allcnco regime. M ied 'hc USSR (0 cschovi messivo short-!crin
Mos{ 0f which was ne '#r urilised. Thl: was far aid {0 Chile and (0 counscl 0 Palicy 0' cclf-help
Irom Iho massivo he'p Allende necded, Dut Mos- to the Allcnce regime Se 1 Ihemie Ic;ca'ed Ire-
cow wjs under no illus:on that i;s cconomic CO- cuently by Ihe Chiezn Cormunisi plrty lejcer-
opcrntion would decisively Influenco tho ship Ihen rclerricg to Soviet as.istarce_ In the Immcdiato prospects Icr radical socijl and final_ana'vsis iosccw welched icly umh:o Ihe vij
cconomic translormati:?_ Jlinough it 0o doubt po-iicj was destroyed by Ihe d,sjsirous
helped reduco Chile'$ cezaidznco 0n Ikc United cconomic policies, Ihe circumventicn 0/ &2 laws,
Stales. and Ikc tacit eccouragencr! 0l fhe ul a-lt by
Sovlet influence expunzed rapidly J9
a rosult
Prcsiccnt Allcrde 2nd Iho Popular Unity Sovern-
0c%hc Chilean Coramuss: Pafly & loyaly Io tho
Mrnt.
USSR and tho expRs:on 0( Soviei-Chilcan #oscow pursued a cual srareny in Chilg. At economic, technicji, szienritic, culturji, and {7s Ivel oi statc-to-Slafo relations it acled lishgrlcs cooperation ~ce possiblu by the cauriously. Jcopled a nan-in crvenlianist pe:lurc_
vlctory o/ tho Commin:s:-Sce:Jlist rcgima. But and encouraged anli-Americani:m anj inzezend_
Moscoiy became inzrecsingly alarmed at the encz #'C.: Ikc Uciked Seat2s. Since it rejlised detcrioration 0f thc 27ca3mic siluation, tho {~Jt #c irternal balanco Ol #ces did rot Iavour
violent clashcs o the u*J-'et: Jnd Ihe ultra-fight, #c ait:ed struggle_ Ihe Pozular Urity lejzership
and Iho growing organiss:icn 0f opposition Iarces. Js Ln " t0 mainiaic intcrnnl unilv. reject the particularly a(ter Ihe Rxzulz: Unfy 'govorarent ?ovcfaiiva ard adven:urols Ove:ucs 31 tha lailed in tha March. 19F. &eceions {J obtain Ihe uioJ-hc: , avoic acticns ri1nt micr: nro;-l e J #ivil majority clectoral SLAt rejuier (0 transform IJt Or mil:Jry iriervcn:icn. Edapi 0 Nca rtij jl
'Soo Deujj Esterms d' CA Timo V Deosrlamanro do
ezcrjmic Dciicy: Jrd ccrsolidz:e Ihe intij: sains
Creduos Exlornos. Coafo. 8nr j5). 197J, (or Iuli do:
o/ Ina revolution.
toilo. At tke sam8 tima, Mosco: did rawning tJ T0. strJin direct Cuban invclvement in te Chiienn
revoluticn. Proxcctcd 6; J trienzly. "erxise
danirjted sovernment znd iis A jrxijt Fresiceni_
Cubu Ir2nscor:cd Ijrc: qujnrit;es 0f Sc ':5 and
Czxchcs!vak-su plied w8jpn3s 13 130 %3:631 Ielt
in Ctila on It:e Cutan diriine a;V/] mercnjn:
Ing_
ivi;y Strong
his
is;
sri?s_
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14- QoooQ
It 0I;? c:tablishsd 8 9j9/ %'& Iraining hjso_nnd tho Chilcans with 0 Sovict mnjriticg (se:enca;
cocte dina;irg ccffta In Chalo_ Tha IJrfu infbliig: Tno Jrowin] Prcscinca in Chilgnn Vij:eys_ # cund
CncW IgJn in IhJ C:&n 'r;#issy In San:iagn Iha Capa Jnc In {ub Aniarcl'c viatst ; moiecd 3
mjinfa;ne Iinison ": # hcermllion M)cme cvc Ior cJincring inlclliz?nzo Jnw Legjno:
In hyerinn_ Bofivia, 46:1 Ure:wJy. Guh)'$ Soviet: Graphic Jalj ol USc to Iha Scvie: Qavy.
conxro;'ied) i;nelliger;o,c :rice'_ Dircccicn Gencral
do Inteligoncia (DGi), #* HuJ clo;0 tica viith
Thc Sovict Unlon 04arcd I0 sldji- 6300
tho Cnilcan ultra-Ict;i:: {3 olher revolutlonary (nillion in mili:y cqui;incnl { Allen:€ if' 1571,
oxilo Grou;s, nrovidirj %cm with Iraining. &rrzs but (ho rnilitary roluscd Ri1o Oler anu Geciced to
end Iuric; ior the Jrm;e:s :rucslo in Ch;lo ad con;inuo io obijin atms Irorn tho Urii:ed Sitos
Other Latin Ararican cQU:Itrics. and Olhar !Vostern suppliers_ Tha Jnti Ccinrnunist
military Wcro disturbed b Itg 067cning
Rcvolurionarics Trulned economic Jnd political violgnce Urcor IK;9 Pocular
Soviel crry peisofinc:_ vicru (Jirecily involved Uri:y govcrnmcnt, und Wcie anxicu; not to
In Ihs Iziririg 0l woree:-rc iutionarics lor urban meakcn Incir military tic: viith It9 Unilee S:Jtc3
gucrritla viarlaro. This ccrred during 1972.73 end Wostorn Europo by Iurning 13 In? Soviot
at Ei eclloto, ne3f Valari:o, whero thj USS?
Union {r arms. M. scow hi:d hoped 19 % tabxish
had instlled 0 Iacisi-| sci thio ` manulacturo
&n Irnporijnt pr:~odomn Ior supslying J mv lo con:
01 Comrnunist countrics in Latin Amefica Jn0 {urxhor prctabrica'cd huusing; "rc Tm (KPD) umployed
Yesken !ashinglon'$ Jizcy w!rained icis;cns slxtcen Mussians,, I31f s} vinom wero cnnincers I) cool: anj Ischricians; Iic rrninir'g m:a Wioic
viith tho Latin Anwericzn mnilirary: De:pi
Sovict army olliccrs Al;e: #o:bing hours. Incse Iw3s 0/ oxicinl US-Chilcan rcltic s, #ic Uafid
Iwelvo Ollicers insiruztes 2 hzrd corc 0 snccially- Smta; coafinuod to main;ain Iriendi ,clztions
solccle wiorkcr-revo Bereric: in tho Us0 0l
ith ihj Chilean milixary.
orm;, etrecf lighting anc urtan qucrrilln' tnclic:. Thg Kranalin IvJs vcry much aw8.3 0/ tt.G wieak-
Tho Rusciiin-built Iacter %is; kcpi undir constant {icss ot thu Aliendo Hot cniy "Ii3 it0
survcillarcc ty Chile $ Gaval irtclligenc". O Ihc minorily covernrert (in 1970,23%, an3,in1 1973,
morningol 11 Scplemiix;r 1972. n;val inicllinunce 639, ct tho olactorato supzorie:d Irie Pcpular
errc:ted t;;c Russians ard Ihfca days" lalcr Cx- Unity cojlition) but Iho arricd lorces Z3: Cow0r-
pollcd Ihem {rom Iho counxy" Iul national potico werc :lrcnaly anti-Ccrmunist
Sinco thc clcmocralic lorc?: 12cied tull Thls claridcstino icolvement In training fx;'itical and cconamic power. tusccw %avoured
gucrrillat in Chilo wiJs &01 exceplion I0 Moscow'$
sduzi taku Ovcr by 870 Ce;;s and Ollicial lina 0/ giving Iull : 7po/t (o Iho Icgal and a
0f civll war 0( miliary ccnio-ialion
Puacelul $a.n I0 gocizlizn. %#l tha %ovicl Icadcr- avoidancg
&8 #1i cosis, Bcth Iho ulird-Iett anJ L;d-rigti
ship ope;*es on thc fxirci;le Iha: siicu cvcry
uvoniuality cjnnor bo Icreseen it is bofier tc tke
ccponerts of Allcnca weru Jllacsed re3eieely in
advance re su:es whic;; Ire Soviat pra:_ Dut Iho Mcverneni ol Ie Kevo:
olicial lice than t0 bc #V
Ey tcr.con" Ciic' tho luxionary Left Mir); Jn ulirj-Icht Grocp th: Our -
clearIy viere some
(hcre
sJed thg Jncd path Jnj liozed to ceeal the adyen:3gc3 in twving somo
ormed r€iol:tionaric: u:;::: dircct Sovie: cortrol: c;nosi:ion loccs in a violent confront;ien, wa3
Moscow viriuld &u ablc {2 rcijin somc me)surc 6/ singled Out {3r Darticularly ccamirg cri:iciam, It
Inlljcnce 0*Cr the ultra-Jefl particularly import- vias charzed sith "ravoluli3n;r 2dver; crisoi
ant in [he Ivent !hal thiz aCiion 'JS ablz t0 seizo
czniributing to Folitical instabiliy arc t:arming
power_ K: i( lurncd Ou?, Kussin $ united Iront 279 Prcspec's 0/ survival o/ Ihe Pcpelar Lnity
lactics Iailed, Jnd the armec etrug'e was aboficd governmcni:
by Ihe Ctilean military. From rid-1972 onwards, Moscovi realised
that tha opposition (0 Iha Allenee govtfrren: iJ9 Sovlet Ir;desvial-Espionate
srcrirg and iidezprejd_ It wis Jnly Ins chrewd
The Sovigt Union mJce every eftart to axirjcr and dlilatory personality 0f Allenda_ ilic:d ia
Ihe maziclm aCvanta;e !cm i;s Iechriczl scsis} neintaining 2 b2ijnce Lcevieen Ihe Cisrup:ive
anco D:23"MNg. lt a:3.w5e: 66 tcchr;cians {0 3ree5 witnin his (ixn goverrtcc'__iaf h'd {2.
tho naiicralised copfer {stry I0 help rjise ee:her It;c Csinteg;ating Izbric of :oziel Ttiero
prodeceii:;;_ ali 0/ vhcm tiero enqjsed in in. vias Soviet ciiticism 0i the itraicngl econamic
dus si3) csziorace. Tl 9y #ere Iar more inlerssted m2nzgiment; Geclinirg agrigul u:al end iceuserial
In gainin; "rst-hend Anzmiedge cf Ikc ndvanzed Froduztion, accclcrating inllation. and tho
US m;nir} equipront 3; Teihad; o/ czerjtion Vior sering bjlancc 0l pJyrien's.
Ihan in iscistirg Ch;la:n cevielopmeni Aruis
Zauschzueich_ execu: /2 ~co prasident 0f thg Soviot obsarvers acvised J slcwer tke-Over
cupzer cc:pzra:ion, I3.c Te in Dece;;tcr 1973 0f :he ecunomy, nalionalising Ihe Iargc lirzr:; first
that tha #Fecialists cii:a their Bo-'car siJy but Icaving tho snller and meciumi-size; (irms
con;; bule? rc:hira lo ;": irz:ovetc: cf mining 2icne :or Ira tim;a %eing: In %: I2;: mcritns tefors
opare;icn; ardwera mjini; u:czl:d ir gJherizg %8 mili:zry coud Incy 53w I2 tans its cn the
spacileiscgs G} Anwi:: ru;Fment; 02faining viall Jrd u;gd J ccnsolidmizn J} Ic? ccc;eic
Info:mition cn mining !ecrnaues ad Ofgznica- szins alrsdy achieved_ collasorji;on with tng
tion, and colccting Calj C costs and procuct- czpcsition political perties iespecizlly tha
Ivity. Ctwistian Dcinociats). anj aroicance 0i armed
conliict:
Noscom wJs also esaecially inwres ed Io
fisheries anj fishery-re:aied (occanosraphic.
hydrographlc and mjring biological rtsearch)
assijinza (2 Chilo. Fisi:eries aid gJvd the Eccalls (Sjutij0. 10-16 Octsn:" 191J, : Juro, Aussisn'$ acces; lo Chilan paris (or Xishing: Inra '7i+m1 ah Ita Chilosn Gulisy hioh e;irina: Dec.
Oc-jnoc;: Chic and o.cn ens:o' m;
reging.
i'5
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QoooQ
Collpso of Sociaiist ';Aorlcl' blood c: I hjvc Uic:i 1 huro'9 dewlh Icsistinu
Th; Sovier pr:icy vis-d-vis Culg crxiba:lse Ihc (3Jcl; to #c Vcy c7:. ^llgncl? $ residcrco
cobgic Jtica in &0 poli:zal I;'4 Ia {0ne o wJs a/l;:i hjve been minad 6% I0 'acc (
on) ari US fec: Ixiah C:iic, /Cru Jc; Cl;n"nd Ix? earh. The jucm vie: :hjutint) Jt ivamgn and
0494rio 0f Irada and Jic) rci;idns "tilo {ta
ch'Ilten ir 2n Ji:cr?i 10 intrnidtu tha Fooplo
Iaifi'ri3 Ircri colcmics and inl;;la: ir Cmile Or: 29 Qztceer TASS inagranlly blacd {ho CIA
Intctrinl alairs {Mjinly lnrcuh i: inlkemcu Ovc7 Chlcz" 'raciion ang Ancrican mnoniopolic;
Ihu Cfilein Comrunist Pariy). Jho) Chaai Com: Icr orcirising tnc miliary coup. And according
Mu;ii:s "verc Gfven mcral h;t Inaeerini #uu;jort {o 3 Mcscc:y bronccasi cvcn Lcwnid Drczhnov,
Ior miieening #8 k.so 0i Dwp5oi} 6/ Ihg Iefjirno. no! kno*vt1 his dzorion to Wistcrn Cemoc:
bur i Irjce no Cilforenca to I;o Inbl Ouico:niu. ra;, cx fessed hofror 3( tho Mons:rcu;_ com.
Tho Yiesness cf #A@ Allcndlu reJine, G Ialelul Pluicly Cpen vioiulion of J country s censtituticn,
Inic:rxl cont;Jdlicticus. okicial conarvans; in Iho tho unce:c;rorious (ouling 0i Inio dtmocratlc
orrning &nd violenc? ul tho ulia-Ic?s, Its Wfeitnjr- Ira it3rs 0' ..n entitc narion;
typs irllation aiu lood short;ges, the G;oming Tro Ovoritrolv o/ thc Allenco Aovornmcnt
wj? polilical palarisa:icn and violeuce, ang Wha Iaku: 0 bittcr but nop entircly uruxrectcd scibjck (or
Iul eliecalion ct #ho arr;iod iotces were Iho dua Moscow"s unied Ircnt Icrics In Lotin Anicricj,
clsts conditions that trigcced tho cou? d' #10( Ind hd JCvcrzo 'epacus;icns tcr Miarxist
thal Icd t9 Aliende $ cownlall zrid rerelaccireif by Purtic:; olscthara in hc Bast. Cornmunists and
militery jun{a on 11 Soplernbtr, 1973. Soclali:ts in France afid Htaly w"io hjd oarligr
pointed t0 Ch;la J$ d moc:l 0/ tha pcacstul Irjnb:
Moscon sas_decply dl:turb%d tut not especi: Itlon to socialism movcd 13 digcncage ihcrrsalvos
elly sroriscd. TASS ami:ic:l On 20 %eptmbar Irom tko Allecdj disus:e:_ Instcad ol Isding {0 1973 Izr the Chitzan #xperic:ice vi: bi;er and socialism. united Iront %cricg in Chilj ushorcd drar a:ic. and Ficul Caisiro Ceclrad Ihaf he Y/Js In 3 period 0/ unpacalle'ed Foli:ical violanco_
epset by cvenks i Chilu"- the Gu {nithiaiy oncrmou} suiering lor Chiilo' 9 iorkcrs and lunta twd immedijieiy brokcn 0ll tolsticriz miith mlddio class, and Iho moist eccnomic Criels In Hovane) . Moscciy swvcrod Uiploniic relation# its hls:ory:
viith Sarxiaco and wl:hdrow Ils amtas:aror ond Soviot cosirs (or Chiilc t9 seivo as tho van: 87baxs( #J# SacJlse 0f sllgzod pcr3eculicn 0i guard o/ Iko Jnti-US Iront ir Latin Arncrlca ondod
Scviet s"iciais by {0 Iunrs. Aitc Ic:= Iran 0 in a ccmpletd lijsco anr) lal; 0 decp imprcsslon west In ?Cf _ Chila & ndwv rliitary {oueitirrent on iho non-Cormunist poihlical partlas mnc the Decen :0 "82/ akJ (uli blost 0/ Soviot dinflezsure Hrmed in Ihc regior; I: re:ninced Ihcm Gt
and ' Iresera:ion, uxprnssud In 0 weii-orchsstalad thu grav0 risks 0/ cntcring into an nllinnco with
8r.3 e23.2ined prspjgjnco camnjign Jinned d1 toralitarian partics. Dzspit? prolestntions ( tho Iso's:ic; enc discrlditirg Ihg regiino; contrary, Ma;xist governrnents #C0 driven In-
Tre Sviiet Gcdid nccussd (ho jun:j 0l "pcf- exaraxily to violate plecges {0 uphold thia Con-
Docuiin:} leit-Wingers wiln UGparclleles ciele;
stirution. {0 ccstroy ine privatc soctor ol tha
(Mj:c;m Radio, 13 Seplo;nter 1736 _ Thero
ccononV: ad ulxin aicly t0 instjll 1 tutalitarian
wcre /ez3r!3 in Prjvda 0n 26 Seplember It2( 'tho
dicta;orship.
0 ec;: 0i Sentizzo %aro {Owing wii:5 bisc " ad
Iro {C.9 szce 01 "Rens Of thcisandz 0,/.Chilean Authotituiivo sttmants 0/ tha Chilajn Comaunlbi
demacoa:; Party"$ posiiion unJor tho Allenca megimo Cjn bo (pund killed: Salvacor Alltnco Vs: alicrn- Jn Labarcj Corvslsn 27 Hcij} anu Luia Corvslan'& ativelt rezzred t0 tJve been murdered in cold Camino d1 Victot s (Sanfibgo. 1971).
WASKILGTOM rost
28 August 1976
was "ine Peroniet workers" Argentine
ansrcr t6 the grenics o2
our class.
^ (mJNonlh %ardown at Menager
the Rcnault pias: climaxcd NEW York TINES
Mlondoy #ith oes"r 0l Ic[t.
Ist leadcrs O[ le auto Uh:
28. August 1974 Murderec?
Ion. Woriers na #ed police SPABSE AUDIEKCE San Downin;, Peron, had'
Jatt nighi 0n It? 6reets 0( ara X0rcs cf (hcusands wi
suppunc:s 0n numcrirs Occa_ BUENOS AIRES_Gun: Cordoba: HEARS BRS. PEROH
sior:_
men kil;cd thc Ihor nia- Mrs;, Peron, In her lirst Trc eVont #'a marrrd hy Ihc:
tlons manazer 0f 1 Frcxh-h. srecch .Irom the palacc bal:
S5Tin Mnouai;ra pitd:
s ith ~l"rine iedustfsl
onncd "'(0 Plane in (or cotiy Ihat hcr Jxe #iisband Only a Feic ThomsandArtend woffpr in 'och4 + milct
dob: yeserday. 'nd P7'si Prssident Ju3a D: Jetji of: Her Firs? Public narihwet c( Ic ADl_
dcnt Msna Estelu Trron ten uscu 81 0 rustrum;
Rally Earlv Ihis c~nire
licd {error:s:s Clim" 4: :ha spoke Oul #3nnst Inc n"cr Jt Ccclarad: labor {als:iuns ma:jger u Ika.
~cowtrdly ind ment "Magy pcople 'enk thet By Ju8{tiiaa" RAX ELI: Kc:u}, #dint' C4r {aanu: {m9 16 Tng Yet {13td (aclurcr in coraioll_ hc} ounsinstionr" Jo Acto' beajuse Jm #o;naii R(IznOS AWRE 6 0.%: 27_.drotc (4b In?
rixioupiana' ,hne
Una cannot rulc bu} "ilh this Onlv lc0' ImeuRm :?C un. has he# in !!c' *mifr ci
Tha extreme Icltist Fmj Ira:lla jvncZtetls havo iomisls ehtrd lm 10 hcar {e woriers 41t
bt Artr} cwmgiittcal mjl" %cr ilc: Neescrmt 1+ Mr Tr Kiilin: G' ihc A;?"ti:c "orces chesr'
rusc.iun os 'nc nalti:al Tcren, in Ir W: ruhi e exe uire nit .1* 21 (;ona_ 3 rrnonjivili'y [or Ihc J'h Kh:: SintT shie Ic MIn 4m :9 Ytaro (d_ fu;ama t9
0l 1K [enjel' caic In m:k Fjr: Iha hiao; Pe 132 mixu Ini"c $ Mt 34ic: 4 Jier itn; Pucinzial {over # hcro l"r Ir huscm "tg #Wtt
cordo ("I. 44r and "p" (:l Goyr. 35, Nyixe:: it noI (
6ngi
{or
'voiy
(orccs
"""Ccmi;
5ic}'
Nit-
Aset
15"
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14-QQQQQ
Icft Iwn 1:ud, unlonie) er,w:9. ply #ith H Covice ro ma{: "evie64 In engrmous personti' vere Urrics Nn Tcron (0 hold
Iy worde, Vr #ro {a;; "j 3o Kiter 1uom; blor# Rer dcath `n;a rajar NAc rJ"c to
Tha //1; Wi ojtens;e;e1 wral 76 (cef Xnt Peror_ 49i} Is:eseaen Rcr 1c I tRe
(2 2 the {' D'rin; (Xe 19 5onik' 1 "pow {Rjl miny (hink r6 &fninf [Ctfoe: )l
dccision Wst reck ; "v hbs brcn Mi 0n""; _ 178 n4y M"g #orin; !atjr Lrts: (torumic blitc t:e Jiifiuulin 3"7 Uilfhi |0 0' "is Te Irr44 (Jo mkc Jicr ie nem," {ron/? i ol pctroleum proJuc L3mgm Fr084*ed 4d0a M4 Sirs_ Peior_ ';li drcsaad Dc ?i ike Pccr (LiOuC
now_ Slcll_ Brg Fog 9-
(9 (orft( ji [: (acr : # ~3 ot :he Ica5tty blac k {028} $ Fll. {ciisia 4n' orics bad stc :8 Im 0 ahie I0 Fiee %Vn Ji ccr :80{ Ine has Connau Mincc noufccrs ntjkeJ Iat the
or Oii Mn8$ with 'ne % into nuneri'Js " !ng . :erist %er {csband$ Ccaih_ But cro": Dtfe Mxlci:rols_ Pelrolaum Compjny. 1m4 M'*e); iac:vna JJ4 70 JIM$_ 'nd In Onc ind ak Icas Qc: cuirane"m[or
AescrIlon ol Lejd:hi? Stc hJs Md eh alshetxt 'oi: hare Peron and-b the , spoac 0( hu"zr"s; of Acis:
But Mrs, Feron dewr;ies rrlesiinct T ":ZS 164 {Fiicic;t< ({77:f Zn Peron_ Incs or Fcolc V7 hacd_ Ret
ol hcr specch t0 #elrl T8f #h cp,rlion eili:.Jns 'rirt hcr voice cracked walk throrh tre 7'4:4 con-
clsito lo Icsdcrh'p 0 Pa. (,miicteai7ra and Miliu? #aeotion Jrd ssc shom her limcd :hat On: I: xrt in
ronist Tr )#ete:i swkh ;8 316,'D9. eniec Inn_ Iccl%ing Bs*.(ront ct the n.2 Govcrrnicnt
been In rwin; disxroav Ttr Msny e har "prahas are enrerdd arnS_ rera!linghfM;housc a5 6~. Tre (mtru}
General Prrin's dcjh 6nJel; )_ haate Yared] 'n elc;ents (Ur?r Uicj bv *a Peron; (he teietsion stations
Do nol Gxbt mt M' {;adc and slgaos 0"1iv G"r {ke:c njie brn rumurs jo '#k: n hjc recclle Nn
thol Isabcl Pctdjn, hfs {mns5,6.tfl Peremn and his <nd M#c Ix6 't tArte v'tks that con: ~nilv brournf Lrecr slatc
snd discipic, #Il; {auhfuf: i L"! Dia:ie c: pe:tn_ Io ) Soe Perunist Icaders car (roi S Ixue' On trde
'uninnists and avc,ded mhoo
BALTIKORE St? 'eraphicg JIhc cmpty strttahcj
One o Ihe 0:g nizers c{ thc 28 Arzubc 1976 rally Jssrrce' that i: wj} Suc
cess ful consalaInx that Oitly Forecest is eloudly for'
ero uniionznit; 0ngiroo7;
Ily iininiiu_ 0#ira eum Ko;kc:s_wert sup;Scu
l aulend_ But #e Jcinurrged Rln da Jant1/ #u6{u 6l 1"' Jvn that "Peran {0i Gcicr njie Flo G Jaixiro_Opies ts;r: ig
Bolivia 3 Banzer}
addrcssd su ~mil > crowj_
Growin; awainst thc cJcmM: Tac chi t fccus ef plutical}
iion) iu 'fiice 0 Vrcsider: Ilv;o wnd MTest in (he (uu;ry has brtn
Isanaer o Iulivia. Ert M/k; i%n Faluge Uezwded icre: the'<" cificers who plolted (ur_0S1 thc A~n larrrsl
crs "re divit:J orct #Mt" 'iiic "{ec:ing:. 60; fai;o $ excuied lhc unsuceesstul coup c7,. Last Febre;?;_ rehl
Central Lnr #ili 2 bs detljraiion repil;d ic JMAt his 306 ernmuut June 5. #irg mllic {P J/ jrently
'cnura lc3nilly: Ilroug} mc- G.tly b; i;fne:r Me;toe; | 4 Demphlct #;; circulalcd bjcard by GenerJl Xrrin m
Iioms pronized Ior }ear. Jt; ci:'tc fft, J >:kr [are"e%y l0 all cili:zry unils in moved {c 6iqi Icft-"ing
thc U*u:l Incctare fosr %oup nzind ii:c Ie Ijre Li PZ aiczcc;; preduccd by Peinist foicr;iur_ {Tum) poicr? Or by'
holit64 _ presidcni; Ilere Ker:hereos 3 Ctoup Of }oilng %ilicery who Uwrit} t2< upa? a4, richta
tra:i !erin; m#tr in : 8 #ij:is;; #so
Whc coup d';l: Kvcn a9 the cixiijnn ele: - hure ia*cn insiviration Irom
#rcolad coni;o} 0' Ihe iccel
Last wcck. (;cncral %aue:r {21s lilal 3n:e Mip7nd if# CU7R m Yurcz;l
Ilnr {cdcraticn {mmn Icluss
ccleuratcd Ilte' Ix:nnic;; e ci; Vre #dent Ba;zer 1 Ci!in*t Kro %Sl April lcd successful Sime !hen, Cardobu hzs pred
(burih Y6;r jn Ihe ;ebnc} i;M#;ng a5) in:elaci; a3ui- (ou? Jginst the aulhoritari: Ihc scene 0( Ipr"::ci i:rideau
b;' danin in {he %lee:: cu:- Cv:inst Iv3i.e "ere Ia;. J7 ?:me Ihere: ot palitn"9; 'uleilt
ing a "eshe €rlcbr:ic M 0ui. Wlere #efe reporl Wi The )rrhict read. In parl: d4'saRo. !he Lahur Ainisuy d+
C.s ension #iunin iiie inili- ~Ban:ce $ repfcssion agjinst cided I0) Tcmoi $ ipi Ioicri:
tht Cn"; d'cint Iat Crites :iu: (ruir Wvcontroried
:Gcn: Junn Josc Torrts 4sz (ary his 03; in:tifution (Ilc Army | uni;r 8 ( Inb-Rrjm_ con -
just 21 . 19i[, Al'houzh PresKec: Runler h3s persunded {ose' dcmo {tro wi;h Md AFgocinc J7d
En ?9 he #as cele'tasn: rcrined Ihc pef rs.nzv Ip 3 0.{iaers Io (ichl bcsicle Freuch capiial Jftet lubor
min:iua s:rkes #Cant p al Inc (OcA;s % !ke 30' mincrs workers kcdcrs calice stelc in Sup"
durabelity oi thc Naidali:t 23Ecd scrtices Jeric:; Is: Jd adciS. Pu: of hickcr #7 8S_
Popular Fron'. ~thc ci:4ifa %e$ {te, it is esIe:t to A:? Ilie Jnlempted cou; o Thc clushes Wfh Iha police
military conlilicn (hroa a cus here. and i:nm) repurts Jus 5 Qang' 0( Ihe; ox,icets Inst niphe Trsuled rhcn ~of
(Cr Gcrtd 3 dnid;
shich hc has Forerr;ed_:: <cin Poli:ia, tli? s2 ;E7 "0c uere tiltiar jn:v'd 'r iciecrs {rori {n6 untvn head:
pcwzrlul Lolit ian Si.c+is Is al#Gd over Itc ?rcsidenl Jl Ku ele (v Pazjgui;' 'urlers
Untn 'dtelsed isell rfli# %rd ris wlicses. Ji Ar'Culin:i Acccring Io
ai "jr Kih the {ceinx. ArkJ Il i: belercd (1f Ic "cea {p"iroir: A:xvllina. Iisny
the Froni Jmnurenlly was dis ef ou:ccrs are b3: alicn- 4 iRee oHlicers Ive br"Fn
Intcgrating: ated incrtasa: W; Ice ?resla rczn; Io Bcuvia clandcs-
This #cc* onc part; i # J:i S;xc' icai:s. Iney 6rut Ice '
cualition. Iliv N;lzonalist Ecit;- bi: retusal {2 Fr?I: Juincsl} {0
THK ISIYGTO) POsT Kednaasy. Aun:z.I6
R
mectinzs" hJug from tre uriressity a4iministration
1.3h crilin;s [0 tic (loo;s Jl siuccmt budh : Feronist
Co:ncrs ard rulumas are 7roicssors S.71 (NI Pncsi:
Argentine Left
~wcred "i;h co:ters that dcne Miria Xelu Peron.
Jr:? {hc dcfens? 0f thc rcv. Ih? 'sadr 5 "idow #rd Suc
0'ution or Quce0 Gicn. Juju ccsor_ 1 lollurit:' line
D Fcren Ic ic:cnitnc 1o Iaiti Joun by /*ror: To ease
2uli:t k:v uil alice in uf: Tin" lizris; ie{1 "l vf thc tc Hold
# 3< ;ee;rcui ( Jwl> I Tczoris: rgetr_ Tis
iu'ule'. Dcr;lc wak natt nic R1s innin: JJfA cUr:rul
"ahout a"t:n? (u calitc_ uf #c lac:s: 0! Ku. nus
But ins;dl'. hchind :lk" (m))
Aires_noss { WZect bwv
Tc3 {hic UWM: pcenk #tm "l alncs: Z_ wakes it
6hed 1'} "[utM (0
b:" {ar Wic 'arot in Vr2
University
M in irenft I: a counir)_~fram Ic Rcronisi
kr{u in:
vr niaci :iwmi 8i 1'
Jul "xial! 31"" 0t,
Tm nirezt t`
K, Jorpb aiofi 2 4'} 6e :IiM' Iwst MM: Sn puiticl Wlc-
86 {" Nz 4ua nv:l I unetsiu)_ #rorfii T'Wo (h"
(Jr_ Mst M:e i;ttw)s .iim:S_Tlrn b' 4 ( ltusal I"ul:e" Shml. hu; ine;sur)"l ruti hvs (ralc: Jlm*wJ "1 Mw!i Ii "W{Ma;n Iull 1 funW} IcI _ Ix-Isiui ! 86. lnver-il, "l Luntr 1i7+
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QoooQ
Tic unircreity {41 urhan coinae wilc ahom' :V'er Tor n;rn Alrcs and (hic cmre:, "ith old :m Mi nale (i('m'
Fcc* &cq (kcy took Orcr
miqic:# butllin;;s 'rca[ Ion Ixr&1 :"#ith Dirfe:
"h Wi; ~a{nhuscs o8 10 Of Ikc M facultics in
Innu:he:l the rit. 6 "r- ol thg 0:an
mali,ml uucrsily slcm niorc fo Hokch ontu tlc tcm.
canizat alon;
shamtnhs pj(" (m"fds by Inr;c Durjrh univeraity Europcan anu ; (ired by aliscus mj cily Iac last Ycr with rettor lints Ei"ren Wpjri ' (1rul: sin 6( 'inrrica: imprixl thr
Faul L.guxzi. 42_ J profcseor
tics Iikc cparal clk es ism: +n
s0f{ Irom ron-'crom 0{ Vharncy #ho is toyal {q
cducate la"yers
Arerntin isl pic:. Thc Iuw cmboak: thc MMontoncros_ And, insldc
afrononxis(<
ductors, 'Last fc2r wc hjd $r# icd Ic basic chan;c: (hat the facuitics_ it oltcn am lihcral pzQ ciscn. 'mcSr "r hal : had WFun JL Ilucnus Aires Seemg
{cssionals Each #ircs Io in_ Jwf erond:icar TTv
09 i( 0nc iS Inside Pcron"$
"cars % basic cllcze cduca- dlcnt 6l eenomivs ':> rc.
essum-hilc_ m;fority ~sack 0f caly
tion Aen ""mrs A;0. Jller ali; {rtcefins We 'c?"ted [at tj'01 in (he Pcronist Al thc mcdical {aculty rc:
rioiest univcusity purec how S;uelnon' $ buof: 'An yqu/; mAus ment hackcd by ccntly . studcnts who still
bs Aen:ira's Iilitary =6 Inlroiee tu Ecunoinics txso -11h* fucrrilla {rouis proclaim loyalty to Pcron
ernmcnt; many parts 6r (lic by Faul Samin-leon. #9 in: Ihia: hxc: ju:hl thc military started playin: the Peronist
scpjralc curricula #crc (rutlueiorx .fvxt widely uscd _ "orcri;mM uudcr Pcran $ marthln; Sonig un loud:
sharcd to Amcriedii madels in tce laited Statcs #nd ban;ri haa mjdc Ihic uni: spcaker sstem_ A faction
Hf "hcu Ihc rcronisls rc: Scmc (rreizu ruuntrics} scrsit} hcrc (lncir Voatr Ihat stands {urthcr to tbe
turncrl tv poier last uscd a4 hesc 7raphs nnd basc Thcy proclaimcal Ic(t Put on thc Intcrnatio;
Yeune Ic(list Icurkcrs luyal t curvcs % prove (Jlal imperi: {ovcrmnint Pruscjij} thal nale _ tlic Communist hymn,
Peron w rc Fired) (hc unl: alism was nccesrary. Cl, cot smack:a' hcarilly o( Mari . and (urncd #p thc "olumc
versity As Ihcir share uf (hc Circcely, bul subtly, "ou
Ism-Lcuini:n and, in effcci_ on ;hcir own sound systcm,
pcw" Rovernment: Il changed *n3m: challceed Peron for ladcr- Thc Perouists turned up
almost orernisht_ We to, uut Sameclon shije of his movcment: 'thcir %oluric ind so it wcnt;
Entrance exuminattuns but wc did not rcnlacc Iini
Luc k llicsc Iuplc ara to ear-5lmllerin; lcvels
mcrc abolishcd Jud JII hish "ith [.enin-or Warx_ (Jsrar anyllin: hut Pcrunisls,' ~tisn't bad once You Fct
school Frzdujlcs #ere 0f Sbarra Aii:ze, the %ycarsold Gen. V'ervw gjid last Fcbru: abovc Ihc sccund noor_
{ercd ndmission: Onc Ycar dean & tre economlcs fac ary , Hc first hevnn prolcssor o( ncurobiology
Jalcr; 85,(Nu ncsf stuiclcuts ully , said durin; Jm inicr:
ing te st[irate hls Mmovc: said_
had enicrca and thc enroll: vict . Mc explaino l thst
ment's "ath wln; Irom tlc Slowly Ilc unircrsity cri:
mcnt had doublcu. therc ix 0o# no sinxla (rt-
Icadlers born of tlic gucrrilla sis sccins (9 be heading for
"Thcrc are su' Inany pco- hook Wor |he twoscar intro Movomu #ho (all (hcta- sumic kind ofrcsolutlon:
ple now It sccms th;t csen 'ductury &olree_ but rathler sclves Aontoncros: #cck a30, Prcsident Maria
(le' rats {rom thc buscment rcarlin: liu sith majurit; Ccforc thinking about Estela Ycron nanied a ncw
take crarns, said (ourth- of La:in American aulliors_ gctling orxwizcd,wc vc gol minister of cdlucation: Hc Is
year philosophy sludcnt Mar_ peli J5 Juhn to Ihink ho it can bo a (ruc exmeted (0 name a cCw
Profcssors with cuhitec. nard Kczres_shaws Up) a$
orgauizaton and not 0 *ack rcclor: Student street demon:
tons i0 thc milltary fovcrn-' an Infliric l theorist, but
full of cats #ho #IlI starl strauung been quickly
mcn: 'or torc #n comianits not m: txc % xura. shoxint: Ihcir claws prett; and sharnly nut down by no
wfrc d:sm:ssed_ Fouriccn Thc 'hift {rom studics dc- soom. F'crol; told leaders o Lce. The satn? demanstra:
#rre fined from thc (acully sirocd (q produce cecu-
Ikc >ee:h. #nz Ilc aSkrd lons #cra loicraleu by ber
of cr onumics alone: Thc uni_ livcs Ior Ziarl coinpjilics {0 them to rorzanizc lhcm: Jate husband_
rcrsily profc olf assisnce Morc Otruliet and "J:
sclvcs and cxpcl thc Mars: Thcrc hase becn somc
an/ cxchange ogrcencnts tiuna q:ltxk. Sbarra Milrc ists_ "Tlil"s #hy this purifi- hints thal Ikc Government
#ith (hc Ford Fouudalion snid_ is bcwier cation js n:csrary; hc suid, will t0 (cfusc the crisis
(he University of California by' the
cxcmplitied Thic purification Teron hy unravelins Pcranist poli:
and Ruljcrs and opencd
%inis,ty ut #L0 Grion Sicicd wante"d has hcen (hwarled tics J0d Ihc quarrel with the
ncw Pru 'ranis #ilh univcrsi: ment Jr Labor Jelatiuns, in pir( $y eOcrnmcnt rr-luc: Muntoncros from university
tics in Peru; Algcrio aud #hich rcplzeed (ancc [WJ drivc thc shole policics
MIcxlco cotir:c 6n youth #in: imto open rcvull Wc'rc waixin; {0 scc Iho
Coucscs of study $crc
Personnel marazement; and in part by sludcnts Ihc ncw' rcctur #ill bc " said
changed: Traditional nhilos:
It was fio: cducational pol: Irum Ihc Umversity o[ Daic - Youn? profcssor That
ophy courscs were repl:ced
hocerer. bul Pure pvoli: nos Aircs_ Twicc. sincc should clear up somethin;:
In par, by srudics 0f South lics thal lirned thc univer: April. thcy havc marchcil Jn the mcanliinc_ i( Xu re
American rolilicians J;8
sity Iuto Jc t-wiz;; recuubt Iuto thc sirpc:s (o protcst !hinkin:: 0f buildin; 0 housc
Peron's iccirinc In J"0 in-
cefsiug tile ;'eronist goweTn: thc awoinimcnt of nciv in Arzculina: gcl ~n old Jr
troductory architccture
nicot; basic urivcrsily dcans and are (urced the clitcet_ Iaw, bayin: Cowo tbe rules gorcrnmcnt to .back domn
S;
May.
#heh Iry:
May-
nire
tr;
icy,
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14-QQQQQ
Weze uHEaEz
ENCOURIIZR, London
Januarj. 1974
Allende HoLdcn
the Myth Makcrs
Political Rcalismn & Revolulionary Ronance
IMTUM NS TT MAT JEM'I0 5J} s0 Rbca tbo Revolt Acainst thc Rullt Bor' for which 63 U
blondskad o{ ho Chiean covp d&t D Chiew aiad @n"cs coud ofTer no CICUS ?
n $ }oanly mamkred and the gcncrals who (The Guardian, 12*9773); R "Disasta @
mite i( are ruing unplczsunuy high the {1ct Chile Ihat woulu "sct bxk &hc cuse of social:
TWun tut S-ndor Allend dicd lucky iwvn and]dcmoxtacy Ornwhcre (Ncw Stater
m In J: k #rJ failure. Doth his m;licies mGn, 14/9;73); and J} 'Tr Drath o( 0 Hope
ad bi coutry #te sotlertd long tclore. lbo cotnpa able, cicn {o Iha Ruesian intasion 0l
cd But in death he achiard s1cZss kxyond bis Carchosuvakia Ilat cndcd Atcxandcr Dutek
drramu JcsgadUy cuonisd a tbc WStcr Itgime in 1963 ( Tre Osscrt, 16/907)).
world' ncirest lefi-wing martyt, kc Kame Within 24 hourj af (he {it barc ncRj of tbo
ordizll} Ux most potcot political cult-fsura CovD Lhe General-Srrrckuy of thc British Labou
sincc s old fricod Cbe Guevaa: Pany, Mr Ron Hayward W3} writing ollicially
To mme Cxlcol 0{ cOurE, Whc.confeeaton to One 0 Allende '$ (omner collesgucs to say that
bad alresdy kan prcpared [07 this-posthumows it waj dincwl (0 crjrrs the snsc of hortor and
ekralion: Ia Crc Uhree ycars of Aliende'$ adminj ace= {elt by the Dritish Lotour movcmcot "@s
stratoj thc ~Qilen exoriment" and tc the aspiralions of Ihe norling peoplc o Chdle
~Qew road Io socialism)" hd broni fuv- shired 'by 5 miay otcrJ around Ihc wordd
ouitc lopia 0f discussion aong kcls-Aing erc dcstoyed 01 Ch: hands cf few aroznt and
SToup] i Eunpc sbazc @dc' $ surinscd iznct)at Olliccrs zcting at (bo khest c{ Iboso
Mxmban%2 f Ill'} 0r Franz= bad encouraced Aho bclicte Ulcir risht t0 nle is ucballegeiblo"
1 blic that Euonc michL lor oncc, foliow in (Tlu Timcs, 13/9{7J): Mr Lco Muray; Gcucral:
Llio Ataicr s [oOt;tep] instead of Ihe'otha S-creluy of Trades Uqion CounciL expTcxsad
wj abOuL Vapy mpiring rcvolutionarics (rom his shock and abhonrnce Aith cqual specd and
Ewrop: end Uniicd Sujla hud actujlly vigou . And Arj Judith Hut sncaking V
joined txi Lata American counlcrparti in mcbr O Ule Iatour Farty" National Exccus
@ik in cn-h lhe src spirit 8s thcir. drop;rd- tve, uol-ashed 3 torrentofassertions 60 pxssionato
oot_codlcmponix hd hitcb-hircd to Ncpal as tQ JUCBCSt Ihat her mind bad como closa to
boping {or 4 Blipsa of Paradis in action: By binz. ovcnhrosn Ritb Allende"$Govcrameot
betine 0l Lho Scplembr coup Whc mility- juota rnjzed (rom the declanation Ibat Itho
dained thcre Ft7r @S many a5 [S,000 forcicncrs d-mocratic #il 8f the porrle of Chile" had kxo
o &1 kinds in Oule, ectively supporting _ SOmo dc[ealed by capilelist "collusion" (The Guardin
too with nolea_tbc socialist rcvolution 17/9;73) t "for Soc:Jists of this gcocration
Cule js Ou Spjin and "Thuis j the most viciows
[as-isro we have so i0 Bcoeralions" (Tr
DAwo HoLin hws #avelled & Chiz on" scveral' Guardian, 1939N7J):
ItENU osinutttuI Q Chif Foreign Ccre Wzo tc Labo Tarty Confcreoa mct ot pondint [or 4 Susy Timu_ Amor' his
contiutions lo ENCOl-NTER are "Srth
Blackpol thrcc arrksIltt therc instaot Tc
Nfritan Noatk (Aurust 1970) . "DJ> actions bad bardened iclo cslablished orthodoxy-
p Zon-bo (Sestemtcr 1972) ad "Ethinpio _ Tuc Ioner Cbilejn Ahssdor in Londoo was
Forty Yojs O1" (Februn I97J). gven 8 standing oation wkc he baame tbo
6rt 0j3 Jdelcgzle lo sc*res Pary Coafattk
Tee]_#pocialy intetasid goups 0r indiv sinx two Spanish Rquilans Arre allowrd t
dusb obviously prUvided scady oenort (or do s t Wbc 1930x Rcsolutions we:c Uhen carriad
inlratiooal] propiganda in t dloat5 or uttcrly condemnicg the miiury Ovp and 0
Nledde'$ death Dut thc ghocked jd 2} tinet Precipiuate action of U.e British Govcmmeot i
smost bjstcricl racuoj l the cup wcnt Iar Iogising tbe miiiilry juot; dmaoding to
byond such cmiltcd parua W emto n7l o lbe British Antuoador (rom Swntiago
madJ M &c'Wers ordinary Lbcrals &nd xriu and the witaholdicg Irvm tbc n [trinx 0
dmoau Fota & ouch % @or tc sl 41 aid Jots_4jd &rdio; ad calling 0 tb9
sybd mwotutiqarat it scmad bricht lictt Lsbou Movrcnnl lo Omjica @@r lte ICstont-
0 morld tidc bopc bud ba atinguisbad 0 ton o demnnzy b Oje sd {0 ofTz fnwciu
Saotieco; ud [rom Wiashingtod W Roms vi O Olk Asisuno 1 0 Porut Unity
Fix Boop ed Loodon )anquisbed G 4 (AlEde"0) moseocal (Tk Time. Siioms} M
"Four (lUk & tula
T OUTOT D Rtad W tpial W
An illdstiiNOY 4 6 A' mttnttnam
gelae
David
Uic
tc
Tb?]
fapuLy
Ti
Jur
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tk rewwn @or Jl #5o rcxictinn peU ICrv bava krn acticwrd @illout violence by
ItuJy. Frolbly Ary in tctda ka;clin 0 dzzkctal:e fovcttkcni ihJf #7: raCy 10 work
IwrinR Svtral cl #h: jurst (ashion;' ? Gallco praEnltizally wilho the co::'joa ind with
0( Wc cro political 5rolest had nirsa)into Miopcr Izxd for wkl Iise ccodozi: and
bislo:y 0r bxco sh:dowrJ hy disiike; #:at b Political fakric o Cile woul: [tabd
Uic Yc;j 0r (o tlafc AJlcnde" do#zIrm Aul IlJl is not lhe moini &1:7 Gore. Wkat [ 8m
vkt Nam and Grrr lo Ilack Porta" coc: tho cor:crtcd about i how U.e cotI Cmc 10 iu
Slutent Movcmcnl Allcodle' $ d;ret;: cnj Presenl DJxs. And #ithout wi:.s; t spcak i o
turpiicd nw cjusc just wbco il nwu pjnlad the Ccad if #ccOu {0 Mc DfCe!3m @ ouuiche
Fuiili.u doubk atnndares wcro (rllialy I5- for Ihc jkc 0f U.c living %i Ue Ciean Wp
volvral Nobndy 0l &: Labour Farty (cnicrcna was larccly Allcnde 6own Ixuxt 6nd &h3t th: myths
(or cxu;nls motixuit it nxcxry 1o &st: Ad wilh which it has krn surou:.Zed 0j _rv L{t ar0
such 1 royel wrlconx should bo Ofcrd' io t no} mcrcly 0 falsiication o Ozz tilory but
TrrexcutJuve of rovunmal #bi-h hjd Ip polenli;l dinzct (0 &he Iclure o Lkcral and
cudd Of 0 tho vcy (cw Commucic nutio socia} dcmnocrutic politics &n {he Wcstern world
oulsidc Fastcro Luozc: (3 approva li: Reuija u well; Indccd #tat is most Ci::ubioz Io Do
invaticn of Cscha:lorakia A Pavioijm D atout Ilic fashionable Westcm Icaclio:s l0 cvcats
POnsc @0 bho sry Idea of "rovnlution" nts also Jo Chilc is thcir rcvclation o Ihe Cazce l0 which
ckarly J cvicnco_and nndc all thc {na; cJfFT,_ Ievoluticnary romunlicism ha; cozbiaed witb
n wecmcd bJ Wc fact U1sf this particu'ns rcvoti: lat-wirc cynicism in rcceni %ea s 0 COTTUpI Ouf
Uoo had bacd uaking nkkc et sh J s1 distanc OwD Dolilics. Jt is scrlalinly "co accicent" Ihjl
b sud sublincly forcign parts I Pat for example, {lc British Labour Pany which t
prhans characurisliz lovo of worllly falud wacrilically adopls Allcndc' $ cilse i alo bo
po_for it wu dlik:at (0 rcnd somc $ Lho m1oro pary wlich hls Pcrmitrcd i3 eu-Jvowcd
cxttavjcinl expressions or gricl 0( Allodaa Mezisu and utopian scialitts W Sactiondl
drJtb withoul senting & Iouch o Cllifzltivn at positions 0f unprccdcnled powc.
thc klcJ Uht Good /Ind onc? morc SU:(uiLSrd t0 will lkjvc Orhcrs t0 nusue tht teme
Evj and: $ , Jelivercd anoihc mart)r Wio howcvcr. All want (0 do fs lo Iry lo %i sote 0f
Mlexvea bdur ho cid b3 comupied" by M We Clean JCCOId stralchi_or ae ay rale;
pructical danands' of iilc on Farth B;l: most 0r staizhur_by looking in sme dezil :{ Lec o
al, nrlinps, the ICS;rmsa scmed Io # {rum_ te mjin mylhs (hat Oow 6urround (.o eod o(
Isnorancc J0d wishful Ihiniing~way; Ulc to Alcode aad bis famous cxpcritecl
most powerful sourcs ol political rotnanticisn _
which Idt the (acts of lile i Allcnde s Chilo
cjthcr unkow or Ixnurd and Ikc G:ld wido 1. The American
Djn , thztefore: t0 Ihc cTration of inslant myeh Intcrvcntion Mlylh
'Hcda thc composiua picturc, Dow eaerptad
touchout 0 wide sfrrtrum 0 Wcstm liSra Ohs POUND ilts most virulcat espression b
and Jcft-wiog upinion, of Allcndc 0$ 4 xcquine thc ccuntion o Allcode' s dowc.al wits that
social dcmoctJt 0' im;eocable consuitulirid 03 Dubcck Yct in thc ibence 0? 2ny Arenican
propriety who net his cod at thc huds 0 amed asult I coapjre #iu &e Sovict i-vasion
fascisl conspiracy on tchalf ol 4 minority "ruling of Cectoslovakia_-Iet oloce te Sect tbet
das" aidcd and abrutcd by thc Uoizu Suls #hctcws Dubrk" Puliocat {lppoc:eJ hio
of Arcricz apinst Wbc Russians 0 majorizy cl Alleado'$
To rplao: dis romantic vision with amcthins Copgess invitcu him I0 Tesicn _-l;ee were oal
epproacbing reality mJy already kc ininossible Blercoty supzositions (0 MuSlin #
for myths undoubtcdly pOsscsJ a lie o Lh-ir O7 Io sencral, the Amcricjo inicrc iion
Imuna t0 ration:) chjllenge: To Ac:pl Io $o #rcled lo dcrive Irom that characreistic Lario
B0 also may elxil Smc risk o abulsc, lor #t Anerican and Icft-wing s@p;03( coxpsr wtich
kcm W & 0 common assumption novadaya iisists Ibat Ulc Yunquis are Icspocsible Ior Gvcry"
that anyono wbo scks 0 rJlional exnlunjrivo & biz} (excc7i, 0f coirsc axjiisg fco8) Car;
miil4y cOV d{tr (unless it hpxns 0 nished with bisiorical fact (GuJtemala, Ee Bsy o
Nprescnt ldt-wing intcrest) i 'n>u) etc ) this is {requcdy Iraasiyted in Latin
Gxcist baasl Araicao nfjirs iato pljusible acti-Acrican
siear; iod tbe Sule o Washinzton politic in
sOULD urR'jr PLAL, thcreforc, that 1 am 1973 #as, O[ coursc; sunniecd lo Ete cuch
conccrned bere with Allcnde's Chile and dot Aith EnU ext:J credeocc Ibis timc_ Trc New States
wbat hs lkc i6 pljce I bold no bnj (0r Ta Olccd 4 finc cxample 'Tc Ikeltood is
mdiury juotas, nor fr (hc Slmmiy ctcutiong tat the tail #ill kejd buck (0 the Pacucon jt
mo i;pprisonments censorahip Or #hatevc Ubst assured its rcaders ~i 8 procr inbetiztiod Can
thc Chilean junta mly hJ1o inspircd 0r Inkatad evo b mounicd But in Cefaut ol LSis it does
during itg early months of power. Lndtrd,baaus I possibic W0 Ay tat Nuooicp ud i @ia
1 baprca tokpor and lile Chie 29 & corotry &nd RTE aeady Lo beany iwplatal in a0
counl ounba of Cbileans amons Cy (nicods I
{aJ BOmc Paonal adncss 9( tc cooatyi Asdiu 0 tke ITT cons;iery Lypy Ceh Ew
prescot plieht Dur [ fecl po do5; 1 0 10 Bovi 0uL injdeuty"Sy TTi0fm;c
afrald much morl ahark Miitry DD + 6a ula o+T by Aliczce Ct) 210 te co:otiol
Dxmoudum talck rublk PI0;Cty: Wu 1
miily man p #orld Oitt; 4nd io aay 0o kaus ib c7cnlioz War Prt muntly
Oo WW ka in 5-h mEs by Allcads thu
Eu: m
mcncy and A::zje Gj0x PiEl t0 ctare id
Soaanl €3:*JrassteJu 05 #ui LMi#brl Dms vindicunancts was Only lo kcyjazad
0c: Rany 6j Pico Lin We7, posiil
pbca bo (c Bal bi 077OzC08 A10 EJ Ee Cs coi FaFt lo i1o?
Nar &m ] copormed with Cean picbltnrr boaUV 6y [idl;: Lc car?any 040} Eto PA,
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EOwG;t;/ i0 uvutes sc.l ,e:nu d bin"cvan i k ka:l # micht noi &we walcs
"Altly Uari C: woum #rc Wichad
To 5up;orl Cartro" Qt i2 lo Kvo 6: Umare syscti Hf txc tost
Moccow th : csuialent o[ #8>ut $I mitlion Iut ); ec;:Itsn
Lain Areiicn n;id i hJ cost #inianretu; and J #We in
n
day for Inary yais To su;ron Inntia[sehm::if 19 €Oalcst IHc Itesidcacy
in hila wouki pabubly k"e FC% cvcn Mu;c + lce lirico f{nre ke (ily woo
Ticro Mas ncrcr Um slichfest 6i;n (kwt Mr 0nauo {657.. 1970. Tlctt %3f no
Mtczhocy, or ayone clac i: Lc Xtemlin was dou1,
6 # kpjmi:cy of Ilwt viclory: Hut
mady (2 acccpl such 4 burdca unfu;tumsi:ly {or Inic #ho saw It as a uniquo To tum U?, Ukcil; I Senis lo mc (hJl Ubc Idca
6( Mte wil" i #4 Eined
ol a0 Amgicin conspiracy (J ovcrlhuw Allnde Myetn , nae DripiatsliviD %hic Aicnde
8 bolh Unprovci And unnnessuy t0 explzin his
oblire: ju;l oi8 36; (f Uie poll: Ilis ocJIGt
dowrlal 1 nor uying of Cour &, that 1iv3l, 6.8} R couple 0l prrccrsta,o ppints &hind
Wahinzton Mas Dot malicvrd (o s hip 83; C:dlislale 0f fi:? cnxcrvaliic Natioadl
elunoueh
thinl somc Auncricc 0;ticial: would wWs' Iij:
mcmhcrs in Con;;es opposcd
Ivo prclericd (oscc him stumnbi:onfixsonetim? Alcsr Iuz u3cmh"AroUco3S76 " 979th3
Jongc @ Uhe bopo-thit: Krowing dnsillusionczol
Uird caccirsle, 5 Tjcieu Iclormi:l (roin t0
would inlect cvcd
bis soulcs} SuppOrlert %d
Ctie;an pezocrat DantY, many o( whos
accordiogly dininish , the chanzcs of his bcin; In Corzcs p: fist Gavo Allenda tho
mado martyr
#bcg Deniesis fnally ovcrsook Ixrk: ; ikCuou5;; Ezing ldxvould nodty
him But io Gencral te Amcrican Atti;ude wcms
ble ovou8} Marz;:n in praclice (o 3 kiad 0C
Io bavo brcn PicJictbly clulious Ode: relormj,,n &rrpatitsle %rith their Own Iccl and
Thou solt nol AIll, but matsl mf sttivo be exislinz ceu;in
Ofibusly lo Aet? aliit . Jn Ilic Ini:-lstTu Corzrcsslonali &lecllons oc
realislic (hllean Goicmmcut enbwled o Ju Mzrch 1,7}, Ike Pozuiu Uqity coxlition rtiscd
~road l0 scialismn would surcly huve bueined 6u ae o? U vo%e {o 4+% (althoch thls Iimo
for thal much, and (00 0 {nly Marxist onalysiz d"Tainr7r # 6U"7ccl uwing,o op7osition
sucb 25 AlFua € prolesscd) it should hjve cxpcclcd alle#atitons oi tubs:Juii:| eloctoral Iraud) Dut
much morc_Uhjt Amneric: would move in for the Uv opzo:lion partit: {ciained 0 Irce mujoric
0s son aS possibla Yct whild udojung bo Corigc:s were, bJ tat tme, Igost 0( b tcliberzicy provacativ stuncc, Allcnde Iook D0 Ovistian Demnnls hal joinad Ilc Nationalist
sicps lo
himscl egainst possible Amcrican 6 Gutris; AI.Lazonj:In {, Use FresidcrL On 4c
Jeprisals dcelincd to com;roriso for Ihe eko lacts il VsiA Llain tksl, 1 {u Iroin' !cpreszntiog
ofother Wcslero hclp, anJ fzilcd W Provida
~Ui; Fcrzke"8 vtil" Illcnde nctcr, pcluiuly r
eounds ccn for bis ,upposcd Manist {ricnds pre clad Mune Ih2n substntldl minoriq
w belp bim botere:t. Ozly i "Ie Fenple nc |lcntilicd 0
1c was mjcnilzcnt, pcrhj?s; but I WZ; noi beirz liite #bo vozd Idr Allcnde, while Urtt
polltica At ta Yoy Icast, Allcoce ause ba ~tcc Iljority--ile Ielczjllad {o Uhsc sutws O(
convicied Fcro o & iack of rcalism chat would ~non-petspkc Cp {Dy othe Intct,Iclation ba
probably bave boea fs1al (J any BJlesman apy: estsin- Jut Uhz}, of Cuulde b just ahat
wbee b itnplied by U: of Uwc "ruling cbo
conspiag}.
2. Tho Ruling Class
Ip TIrke WAs & "rulirg cluss" in Chile lt 43s !he' Conspiracy Hyth
of Wic polixician: and Ur furroundilig cublish
ot Allcnce bing oventhowd melil draWn TGO:U; {romn the oarrow up end o
BB FicTuRd describd Js e U.iie"6 Dfos;c;U"ss @iarllc clats. Allenac himselr Tby "hi bu bero Vriously
and ol hi Ininistcrs jod leading supporta?
~revoll o tbe privilescd 9 serics o[ "bosses maoy
wc:c thcir ~conspirjcy oi lle Cadiioaal nuling wcre a3 much pan (f Lhujl Etoup 0S_ bio" 0r 0 political oppuncnts Jkut, ironically; it wif # croup dass" conliins 1 many Eiscozccptions tl:t it is 2U.edd Jzs than Olhers (rom Allcnde"
bad t krow whcro l tesin {0 wrt ter o4L Wal ola
its manbr) on wwu sida
Ona Itex boweirr, sCIs b1sic t0 ucm ol; socialism boaus
enuugh cash or Arorcrty 0
bat Allende Lad his Popwar Uoity coslition Ebloillueotlazka
Inzrkct 9t homc Or slip irl
Mtrc]{omchow Uia uniqualy lczj;imjie IcprO' {gtoablh e.bla k Snnkeieo
too roush~-in any
eentalives $K 'Lhe Pcople 6 WiL Tbat such a0 burvive (ic Allende himsIf unxil Ais
odd blie thould havo Gsiaed any CUTccCY Scath) On MUrV reavnabic comfon Jluf Ilie Topk
whilever Oulside purely pror-Gudist circ'e is & #ho did most {0 ova:brow Allcude icre Gurly
mark of tc confusicn tt surrounds to of Ihis goup a a'L Wih te pOssibkc exattiod
Qhilewd expcrience in Whc ninds o mjy cooa 0f a11e pjval 0flccri tha anadforcaJ #to
@ileans To judge {rom ntblished Comncots; mucb apan Irom thc ciuablisluncol o( any
such 2s thosc]relerring (o Lhc "dcfest o tho Plai
colour; and Evn ulla Alleneke brouchy
&no-alic will" {onc &f Allende"$ sympattisco @2 gvine commandcTs into bis BoirIncnt
abraad scem €ren ( tlizve Lhjt be Dot merely
rcmained ekxf Irom 4od rcnwbSly lituo
enjoyed a mxssive mioity Ci vole koowp Ey,Uloxrel-lively tl circl-s ix Secliasp
but was ali0 Ue frst Prcsidedt o bis coualy 0
which mac)_ eccusinad t0 0 Lse cuuoto
d0 D0. politzal lona
Yet tha bcv Lt byead dispule Cie %as
Jodecd 5s cctbs Iince te cun d{13 baip
and had bro (or m:ny yejrs fuozuozing shom Chile"s miitry moHie Uizir counlc
democrcy wim consti:ution aizh vzslcd dxwbar_wcrc probably 09 cope:zpruow
acculive pOwcT i bbe Fresiccol a84 Iccislativ Dirtie politiciacs (acd &s iccren{ € pojli:) 0 powC in Con5es Both iz Ltcoryand io [@zticc; %e
politicians FCc 0l ukn Tl:y had susycd
Do douby bec #u6 {erous #eucesss @
ouuide (at nearly #-ycarr'and U Allods
Tcrce": 4 [os instanx, la Le insbury & previo
D:c:1
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xoy 341 u Knrd (er M[ 'fuc}'Ijyi {uuwv Buol-Viudl JFAnI Kq Kodsuen 1,200O Jo #jow J
Jo '31ly DX Strnu oqt mou-Kuoi *L TUp} *1 p nujwiid [LWJOU Iso*u 341 {o iujuicJJI 341 JQ} Juiyiou Jzt} 4 IJm (nus (T7IIW 341 poparud 'Scq JueWojd;p 971 Yrnojyi pJIJadiu! 'S!lddns
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uStaj0} Pue OxcuurS Jo Jjnic)} rm?n "mmsiutd uI kmm
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suouituili 7o O4n 01 51jv3j3y1 ' uuno 04
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ISeucq JnH "4iqy uinpaytuxo > Jsniu MD*8 74p 3164 Pmom
axdsy UUJInvv 4Wg7 Jsow 4i r~Puod1 Pii;tcsc? Jo j3qWnu 341 ipy NJiczidu! JcY) J' # 1q0 Din 1 icti #u/sony m Junudin? Auo q #
Tzpunom #41 irjJi 01 s3ruQ pud soJcpurq Jo} 'JrW} -ue] Juuwt fuunc 8u1404
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QQj34 ~in (mo PpeW 'oQrJujiv Li)
Kirpocuw Volop Kgcu; Poujic jl Kquo J00 JmDu3s 'AJurJ ISmIXS 2q Jo P30?ImCIP} pav
polieE pue #1dvi/o? J/Wquo)) $,21402 'Julutw?
Puouj Suj: (Q donjuttui fIU n} 0
Joj 'Diivoud [7;jo1 snui+iap pur K5u2- 4xJ4
Gnnd J4 NLt '{l6I Kmr 1I Panaun bupdt_
DAheJ1Siuiur8 Jo Vogeuquio s,ujujjwjj.og
~m MAtu Mn 0} 5 'IJUoj umo #*p pims Oin Kq parod 1n,071 [ecois:j,qid 5):n 01 icjuw) Kquoynno $yy} Llmqnt 01 Jnn) @to bumpau
8umocj JB mJ Fuc uonexstr) JJJl' 0 uf4ule 6u}: nduniv (4 popILnn ap4
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75m>[A!Jd, POUilo?
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14-QQQQQ
Jotalts" 0
icn eialeru Ul evc; sice 0 8cl, ensni 1i doyn 87 &bsut (l2 &? Tr;zi'
could Ialc Eond livinz 03 Ik: blart Infiet '1 Wie m;. {}1} mud (Jj:n;ie Vmuic ht
ic hir (";ia} W7fCJ rcmaiccd saiinn:y 3{{ iraii-ilt "emud in Piaix Upiz
evcn inSatin roaredl pl.ad. 'Tuc fnclnzy vrke ain 1: 21 # Cunamc "cer]
ehil:
rrononic) 0 n;; (3ireo &0xt30,".7 dxi:" Jlzo
who wj$ cuillcd to
(aclory t Quiiful 0( ollici:l (itcd; pricrs co': U Ux 6 Motiif u lus
(and diz) eril that 0/ Jiv %5 Icn limcs #h:tkld 70613 ine:od; W %sek (v: For7 U (1l"s
01 *onn 31 ha kft Ihc: (Jctory Ei. ixw: 'E1u ning lbaacd: 61 (Ven Ine #T W) 0
mineTt could hardly find !eady buyers fo: & ;lle; 6tve of { Mmmini mia:t } b
luck-lond 0} cono Orc. 1: J;jls (snic.ue | i: %n sho:;hl ja 6i:7 prOs
Thus Ilo copicr-miners wcre Uirust, in cferi cAinn Ior J* 6 Iro wtile la Wtsing
iplo thc su/1;E pO.ition J5 {hc Jotry-men; Uh: :hc?, [noxleinj wzre %;LZ Of Jn lacl, honect pilk
Keepn, ard virudlly oli of Chile"& eiar::d vzudssciiu roeun %3 i #stnedsr:: kx] einpi]
prolessional Mcn and #onicn: Itey vere keft Flklvd a ke i: {ie Mmln 0f 6731 Uim i
or le:t delcnccless Ibe most visiou I Ian At 6;78 Ixe Un;eratia 4ig f
Dote Indation lbo county bad cvcr cspeticnccd Tr;cko, (m%2(8;Tzin Dtlk pro:ecic:% uers of _
Cnis, Ihe 8 CT:;2 dai}] winlcr intate U pikx
52' etoul %J{1,((f) @llops jn 1973. BJ 1D} t
Sove APOUXETS (or Allendc have maictaizcd 8, dowu to I g, %ics wNJ bis Srprirsint
tust Uic dcgree of inflion WOs (Xiccjird 6r, K;:l Irom (v: fact Ilot Iowp] Iand Ielum bal
01 eny rale, Iiutle worsc Ihan wjj cuslo,ry Iq_ 17 BCxJ mmipanics bJ midoprcad d3 D ,
Oile and elcwkere in Ialin Amcriea TLe Iruth clvste] illcsl Izzd kizures 0 (mai UJs Dny
[j ttut It wJs Tar bcyond unylhin;: noriaily Ja:ms wcIc in {kc klesU prple u:latty sibuut
enCured In Umt coatincnt, Ns lictlc a3 nine CJ periens, (c Dir eabli:hed nih_@
monu:s ull Allende canic (o pocr, wjico T Txr snn: oxlicr {aIm producle_3zre Ensply
031 vitited Chile, Uhe €xIdo hid aready I:tco &Ibosic nOn.ehx Fzzunably in Ilx HJU
{Fting hifa-(jlirt (d Gi fo cwcry c;Mon &a_ bom 20 lo 40 erainst Uxe U.S. dollar 0n thic (rce chesD, the #DCII5=t (LICC Ihal a gim 0[
or black, markcl Eitklccn mnonths lalcf, 00 mY Gilk would (ctch kis Wao lall Use Lrixce U 0p ecord vi:il 'ir Goveruncnt' Owp fullci put 273 reviiahly, Fol,es was initreseds 1 pro
Ux rlc Ol inflalion 0/ 1J % In & Yeat, Ilst: borty buzinz milk #Cd Urmi sice elauzhlcted otskezlo
Iuo wJs poing Up by i0 0 monih and Iba Iur brd-Jcrally 6 @ezay-Ut Crivc (76 Dp escudo hd fallcn l0 abriul JSO t0 Ihc black US
sixpuntaiils lo Ks Let ura while Afale #W
dola. Aucust 1973. Ie oliicial iolation Fale fozod l9 kour Ik; milid (Ur dried fiit tzporus was 32J% end ribig fast, uid &he ccudo wa) Ursl Ibanks to hi: P:lzI in Ihe 6h2361 pipe
worth only 2,0 I0 Uic dollar_a cfecliv t D loncer had (orsipp CulcnGY-Io P3] Iot dcviluitiun In lest Uhjn Ihrce ye1rs of 10,UN ZI
Nor Ly it cuough lo Julribute (hcse cala:%ro;hic Suci ROUJJJ wse {Czaled cvrrYntrte u de
nla [o tuch adventitlous 0r Inuliciou: fac:on T(naantic (L,turc? U silaycd Icbo%iiica #re
U_end Iccr (0 publishcd drzrnxs= Precmcd 10 facinz Iz lacts cI Ie WAiaral Lalling %orld copprr priccs, the normal digzultiet prfxluctitm in both euficullue and inder (el 0 mainbining indus{riul a0d farm output in
Celibknt drasl ouly, Allcnee eutaneou:ly 2#277:*4Lo lime of radical politica chunge 0r {edivibute Le na'inzal wealth hy zivic:z Cik's
Ancricln inlcrvcnlion pootct Uasse} Inote Ifoa] {0 !fcrd Tsi #CC
On Ihc hst ol tEc Urcc have alrenidy eid
0 shuw thbt jt was (af '(rom %is constllicny Ab# tsy wcre jopctly radt
cough hops {tr mapy 6f Ihzn cnaijly had [ever td mud
dccisive and tat it wJs,Jnywjy, barecly tla
priccs, Ihe fact b
bdwc Ilyl YoU 61't redisuibule #hal ybo beve
lovited As (0 (alling corrcr aeacy thven 0*3J; #d 4s Output vanibe4
bat aw (all j Ulc frst ycar of Allcode
prics rocovcted unti} by Ilie Iime 2 Gomctic Quziss zr# Jonzcr, loreiza Eeobs
Govemukcol
abovc (hc Icval piled up, and Ihc 6xzzx dclcit cxcA tsd Ike &
0t his overthrow Uhcy wcre 80% hydrozen balloog. ^ }c blorc the (insl (:iaps
I( Ubc limo of his cleclion: Hnd thcy not risco
aked Orie 0( Nizcee" s chicl cconomic #iav 0 slecply be would ulmust ccrtinly hate; fallco
sctid his 65zt Uhcy wce goinz t do 10 control # ttatiop soopcr dud probably would not have
bhort-lived [UCCc-S in tsc mid-tcm b2t ws etrendy kxckirg critical Hc reoliod
Ielauvc,
dilliculties o( maio sitb comuxndabl: cptou, Uut tc 0ly Cica'{ ekctons ol March 1973. Tbe
koom."[kuow; m2iL "ehal we Que*t@ wining oulpul jn a Iimc Of chunge, howcrcr, wT
Ical-ufottunalcly, (ar Morc 60 tn Allendc se ahould impo:z an a5uairy Itzime bsaaaow_
Irozc R3ccs, end ritjjn rlial nu;,lix %ut
(w scnkd W0 realise
a0d mik bn @nWr} We woald dertroy OW 030 pultical
To lake just Iwo cxamples: copncr
Expropriatiou of Wbc coppcr mincs (corn tct base
Amncican owcnJ Gould, no duubl hsve led in Perivcly. In Cx cdrdat 1n36 do Ua 4&
itself W0 Uhc #ithdraJwJ of American Iechnicians Pluozed OD dowp &be primrox ol promis-
@ wcl @s of Amctian mavgaent witb some aod Dusions and praic _Dy datoyel We
conscqucnl risk o[ losin€ production lcmnprartly: colnuy: Tkx ~rulips ds conspincy 5aJ
at leasL But this mght haw bau overcomc b} eJoss that WhYy a0d Oxci TUPpOTLET pst VPod
bbe promouon of Cincd Qican manJ; I and tb: feality o thci O8p miscalculstiont
lochnicians 0[ #bom Uizc was $0 sborwse
Alas (01 Chie"t patiqual income; Allende pot
marely pationaliscd bul delibcrately politiciied
tx miocs &s AeiL Jobs for Uk nany boy WOD
3. Thc Myth 0 the
handed oul b thourands whie taiced Olileam Conslitutional Rctolulionary
miglad M lhal aler lbrte Ytan ol Popular
Unity Gowcrncal mining manpowtr end O3U we cou} 0 t au d Mlatch
Jad rso by m0 ban third phie minms
Hplcc_
and characta sbxn which bulj
32
Iy
paid
"ejinst
[ui
JB
eein
Patb
lr
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QoooQ
waa. A( IYx #Art hc mw c(nsidcrabb orpositioo
;en Ue otcr atninknu raorlr. Has M in ConprM Kt Irilcd chj;zalle Ua
Ernuine corlituli;Lllos? War h 0 U: {Colu Gi
lic) cf tha €;trr mi;icz, Laiu rcfor:
Uonbry? Washe _coula hc cvrr hnchrn-toxh}
and Ik? ealc 0 uac)r of hjriu j Iiajor
Allcndc limuw}l , ( cJWX , aalni:kd no Incu:ric-cvidrnt tt (ku derojati: cor
doubta RcmalcJly_ Ix insistu Ihul K #rb tyul end wt"L'! work witlun &kc eisting %M:;
Twiluliunary and Alariist, and 4hAt J inicodrd con:titutia L Dlujt; J{ (nal, muf a cirtle Incmbar
Io estatlish 4l lelst Ulle prorunhruiens for #hat of Ilw (;xsiticn mi"ity would call a Vui in
hc (ld Regit Dclrjy ^ul tc "Inixl, *icntilc his supnt 'Ihcy VOlJ uaximously lo condcnw
Marj:t scialism Eqully Icrraluly; hc pro, his "Inbitual illeralitics an] Vuc ccn juined
clalmed his Tith Ihat hc &ld alic"e this end by (ie Suprctle Cnurt in icsinz hisn of dic
by cunsilulion:u nicsns Ilvouch (hc tullot box tceatding Uxc nilc cf lai' He Iud Qul uwzy tbe
and al} It implicd Tial Wac #icr uIl, lo tc tk middle ATuind cf Chiican politici #nrkad tho
diwincuve "Chilean ruid (q &riuliziu' of whch danotjtc concrsus anu trollon twe rjlit
1 [LY
pouple oulside Chile thcrishcd tucb 6l counlcr-tcvolulicn (hrouch bi Gm addicuioo
high hopaz 1o Icvululionjy docsns
Dut no hindsicht is 'cuircd (0 Acc thzt 6oib Esusliy ina itabble #T} tw ccopunic break-_
Ukory ad pJctia wzic ridjad niu cunto: down; #licb Clrik (IO.n Alrnde $ ttcmpu l
dicIiana Revalutions ac bm 4, or Scncrale cnlargo -Ius pxrulx bxco oulside Ulc politicul
ccctlonjl ccnlic-j '(uct of politic;i) life Ihat Inslitulions Here his nlan wa9 Iwo-fold; lo buy
Allende aclnuwled;eJ Ci CM {:n hc if polutical surnort A:m8: ac Pcople Ilyouch
"Uscriltowing" uht hc Ciikl K 'boui_ mxztivc #83C illTeJxa Jn4 v'be; br: us and, 4t
stolc, Hut duealic canslikuliun 14sis upod U: lite Iim Iu sqlk*d tle LudlJle cluss into
consntu-9 ujiic J- "cniuu:c o Ill' (ct Umat fubmi-sivn; Of cltn Oiht (rom Uc counltrys
bhe Slalc rcprescnts Iatc (hita J n"cly scctional Ih;uupl whclczule na%i'n:licution &f their Intcr:
Tlic ~zond rernu:s E::;0, but &kc 63 cu 6nd Ihc erruintuient ot his own men {o au
MleretL denic} it; ind therc is no way Of rcu)liling Ie simnijcut civif-xci jots Tic mo sitnply
eancciled euch olher cul; for whiJe Ike frst part
two:
^li Allenale' pijctic:l dnE zulties follow :d 0( t) plao misd vosi ncw c*frcltions and
Irom Ihiv simuple disti-ctiun: T.acu sxriously: hi) dcmands Uic saud diminishcd Wc county
conslitutionilim n;jet lhat Ks picerjtainc cpacity I0 mcct tcri; Tle wluirling spiral o
czull only succaxd i' majo'rity wuld a tuslly Inflston foJoxca 05 0 nccejjory sesule 0f
vole (or iL Bul; tl:zktrd %s Jc w* with czly just Allade't pulitizal confiusionL
oxtT 0 Illrd o rhc Fopulr !Ole aud wih Isce
njorlly uf Cuntress Ajinst hin; Akcnds had TiiE} BASIC (DMRADICMnxJ were compounded
nitlur democrutic nur in aUmirislrativcly by Ihe {r-Itcnlcd nature ol Allinde"t supoor
eflcctiie mondule for hit rvululivn: Indcca; in Jlis Populur Unity coalition wa, (x {rom unitcd
parlismenlary rther {hnin 0 prcsidcnliai dcmo Iu mujotity cem:nt 4as Allcode" ow Socialist
cracy, he wvuld prolbly fever have lxzn able (o Pany_J budy Uui bute lituc Itxinblace
Bgln. o( bcyond iu 0Jnc t0 most of lkc demoxratic
iChc was (0 succecd witlin his sieve Iemm scislisl puntias o Eurerc which so clhusias ofikxc evcn in opcniug Ihc door 10 revolution kt
lically &pouscd ip cusc; Jt was: in Iact
alonc cstablishing it 19 accamrlishcd (t bo
rcvoluliunary Mwxist party thal bn 09
had t0 Iransform his ininarity' inlo u majority. splinler of thc morc burcucnlc and Stalinist
Dut hOw to do it? For, if words nie;int anything Clilen Comnmunist rxrty in Ihe 19301 ad in
Nlendes had to mcan Illat he intcndcd 10 {cpluco
Tocnl had' accuircd 0 "Ncw Left"
the existing Icfomnblc constitu:ion of Chile Ring 3Gcil. Seutrd oifts Tcadery like Scoalor
anolhcr that Iould K; of ils Manrist Ajtamiranu, and many of ils rank and @e, Con-
nalure, irreversible. In (uhcr words, 0 syslem Ihat
sjally Alletlale lu ~spccd up bherevolutoo"
was Admitlcdly drmoratic "3S to k utat t0 without much IGGud far consuturional piceticl
build aIdlhcr (h:t wnuld bx cilcctivcly Jicljlorial Thesmzllest clcmenl o to coplitiod Iy} bo
This WIs asling the mujority Io hanzitsell from Clistimn laJicals o various pcfuJsions, smo
its own gallows; and nct surprisiogly, it dalined of +hom bojrd W0 utler bridsc t0 Uc ccoto
0f Clulen politia by coorcrJling with the Ic?
wing of thc Chisim Dcmnoct.Is' but DODe o
AuENC$ ATTIMPTS t0 oicomg this basic whan} cvcr J/lined [sitions of rexl irJucac
ogicslity i1 his Psition wcrericziscly what Thc coalitiun $ shcct arkhor WJs Lhe Cormunist
coswad his Wtinuute dounfau: Refusing to Panty #hich businass and administraton
abandon cither his Trolutiunuy rheloric or bis slippad into chaos taam inccasio;y i
prolesscd constitulionalism he WIs {Orccd {0 Iely sonant & 4 succ of dis-iplide and stalegic
morc and more upon pliti= @osioaism: Hi Ihinking
sleight-of-hand WJs oflcn rcmurkable M ha
wugt {o oulwit tlic clrosition mujorly io T would MAYE BIEY hud couzh to drice
CooCres by cxploitiag Ike Icutcr % the cons;itt I Ihis troika anyarjy without eitha overstcrzing
tion, usingeiery legul loophole to forcc uron Ihem Ibe constitutiond lim$ O GOVGNDCl Of anlx
Oasurc try did DOt IDL But in thc prarr Codising oue Or othe: o its clancou and bhatby
inevilably, be dcstroyad the constitulion $ spiril jopdisiog Wac only "demoratic busc ta
m tbal his oprnncuus talxmo 4y ruibled w ha Icvolution had But Alicnule bad also t cootcnd
wvith the atill more miliLunt Iaft outside Uhe cali
Indead. 0 [ dis-oten (at 00 sit @ Lion; lad by the Musccicnl o the Rcvolutonay
cuua0 Cbilc pinc Icooihs Qile i:ce ctluox Lelt @IIR) #huizh insislad OD rvolutivn pov_
6al palie IJrcO) Whce Kac unjer sn"ui: i~17
bons aor lo dtlc7ipt D0 7l ETut#Uerkeu and by voieax i pariury 44 ip AIR% Wicr
ounrn Sa- mKoban Mlars ' 1p-"mn Eaa'rTIX 6 07 Aliende Crk Autzl aj Auiair Ilomv
Here Alkcoek" molersad castiationalism w
~Consscanu Pcto" x-y 197: 33
th?
spoke
ecoi;
frrery
with
wrcd
mjt-v
Jo:
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14-QQQQQ
{Deabd 0 c( bcot c7uitaxnL Ilo oial;" TCunentic ettachc;;: W miors:t. Hc wjk
tcipcts Klil"s violar, yct }aa DAtr ncrrnltled nfcr a)l (ounerr Bnd @rt prciec:t 0l Un
Ue Nury W) rxsl oul Uicis rura-Inililiry Frou;n Latin Amcrican Soiitlirity O:s:nixa:on, Celled
wkca Urcy #lignitixd His Jand-mrtom Pn io Marana in tc 19 anJ dceclcd to tta
FTeInmc &s 'irdequnlc 474 #,.r1 hun lrous ol crcourGemcnt of arancu insurraction {i.oezhout
(ntrs a1 &un pfint hc rebulcd I1-m in acrasional to conlincnt Ilc moriscu to "p#t S.ntinzo
mctc bul did nothine lo rOIErsc their ectiort with blocd" in 1970 i Con{ess &incd W
Wlyo #i-jicled lorry-londs 0 alutbl ratify his ciccrion & Fraidal apd ho [ lcdly
DaoufacturtJ lo rai:e fundls by sllins Ucm' 00 tried {0 iatimidslo tle Opposition ir:ikc aod
Ux blick nlartcl Hc rrdly Iricd (0 rUrCJ tho outsiee Conzes witb Ibe Ibrcat 0f civil Raf Gine Tle cftbid this WA; brcaus thc MIR Thc'e #ere pot Ike actiojs or tbc scntimzols o
truly Jmeiled ~the Tapplc 'gind sbom m1n dcdialau t0 cors:irutiona chinze, CCG?I
Alode duled not nct Hlut (hc Inuti fear, &2u
mote eqqalid Hor Onc Uings Ulc MIR bnd dox 4 mater o crrcdicngy:
Op the othcr hand, it was bard {0 scc Allendo
bricpds in Uie Socinlist Tany and in Allcode"
entqui %%e #hom thc Prcwidcnt did ool Aant Ds ccnuine rcvolulionay: Ho rctcr looked
0w
W olcd ' Fcr anolha, as Iong as Wheir #cuvitia anythiog but Ihe corplete bourscois CcDtlcma
did potgctually sclit Utc Pupular Unity couliton bun viww, Coriu bur wrl-froon:ed, 0 M3p2]
dicsa, wiuh 9 twinkling cyc fs thc Iadics ard 4
#wuselkd conenizut tosc Uiap puching plons_
good dcal or Frtsona] cham his Mroj;Ct tho rroluiiun by upcorsiitetional Gcazs wkJo politica crd was his &kill in tlcli-a Ginocuvfc
Alade Cenounced tcm i bis fole W 3 But a5 4 stratecist, 1 thintcr, 4 Ia wilx 3 rcJ
conslitutionalil message, he was unconviccicf Towards Uke end
It ws col es i( ` Allcndc wjJ unablc to deal 0s he uppcucd witb Increusing Orcqucncy 03 Ibe
with tc XIR mtcn hc bad to. For cxjmple, presidcnlial bakony in Satijg? (0 adaes
wben Mllta {orce bloceadcd to Philipt cbanling Gowds of his gupnortcrs rcvolb
televiuion-(ectory. Jn `Sadliago jn 1973 allcr &n tonary platitudes, hc sccmcd to nic to lozc a
ufssucces:Iul alimpt (o hi-jack & lony-loxd of contace with realily, 1o havo bccumc Jn actor in
TV gb, bhry were allowcd by Ule Goveranicut Jove with his rcvolutionjry Part' rathct {ban 8
lo Iemain u.rolesled for tcn plthouih j gerious leader wbo kncw where be wjJs Goine
Police post wa; juse _ecrox Ihe rojd Yci when
dipomatic rcore:entitions_ WCrB mado by ta Lv RLTROSRECT, 1 am inclined (0: Uink this %as
Dulh chort d'offalies witb tkc hinr tbat hls away to Irub of tha mattcr with Allcode.
countryt frceial eid mickl huve to ba ICCOD- Basically, hce Ras a political rominiic, dcxlio: i
tidsred i tis badsmcnt o a Dutch calerprio snsalions Fllher WL scpsc Hc cnjoycd his hou
continued Vhe Mir Islas WcTe hustled 9r2y uPOd We stage but-he never nrorcrly asscrs2d
witbsoul 2 sbor in M bowl tb forccs b wjs dedling with , cihcf for Or
ecainst him: He Nised crpoculions on hic ow
A AILAA EQUTYOCATION Was evident in Allcnde" side without commandin; the FleJns {0 Jalisfy
adoplioo ol 4 Fronal anncd bodycuard_lbo tcm, and be encouraccd oppos::ioj on tho
fuI in Iccmory I0 accompily a Chilean Presideol otber sidc; by his Usc'of J revolulioc:y rbeloric
Jt M tu3 tt Ikc cxtreme Right in 'Chile wJs whosc theat ho dso could noc fuliil
quick W tjealcd viokcrice' 3 a Iespocsc (o At bcst Jc WJs muddlc-helded; Jnd tinc May
Allende's proclimed "{evolulion, and Allcndo abow that bc WAS deliberately deccittul. Ccrtainly
himsell aways mainiaincd (hji be pcedcd pro bc manJEcd t0 deccive a lot 0 pcople, including
icuon But riebt-wins para-mililary €roups wcro himsclf . Jut in end rcJlity taucht its OWD, hud
Devcr @ 6iz Or a5 bgly orcaniscd as those % Icssons. That you (an"t b 3 denocrat ard 2
bbe Lelt; &d, iJ acy cuse, Uhe proper-rcjcrion ofa revolutionayat lcJsl pot in 2 soic:Y that is
consuttonally-minded Fresident would surely abeady admittedly dcmocratic That %ou cao"t
bave ka !0 Gl UpOn bis sale sccurity fres {0 be anti-Amcrican and ex;jxct Wba 'Americans to
prOtecx him belp you Thjt You cJn' Posc LS tha peopke'
Iostead Al:cade formed a personal uoit, kadcr cnd kick most peoplc in tc tccih That
koo as ~&e Group of Friends of thc Fte YoU c1n"{consczipt soldicrs into politics and
sidcnt Trained arred, and parly mjaocd by expect tbem 10 rc jin apolitical. Thatyou can"
"Cubans, jt was ked by koown rcvolutionjries bave infation roiridg OUt of sighl crJ maiauin &
supathetic [0 te MIR, includiog Allcade"$ basc {or soial weluc: ThJl i shboz tbc rej
Md-in-baw: Tbe existccce of such 3 gou? Ji Ubo world ss Dot Cloud~uckoo Jand: Dvwa bere
very ccatre Of Lbe Stale Was DOI Derely Pro YOU just can" bave you cako adexlt it
vocatod lo Lke establisked sccu-ity forces *ad an It i sd that suzh clemcuuy lessons skould
afTront lo Cbielo tadition, it was also a0 iplied bave to be Laucbt yct JgJia at suzh uagic cOst in
rejaction o te principle of consyitutional nue @ilc But it is elarain; What 53 many peoplo
dscwbere aboud cvidcduy {al w Oasp tat
ae We kssont
DouutJ ADOUT tc deptb of Allcnde"$ coD
stmutionalis wcre raised do by Lis xnonal
hisory .and hig !znguag bolh Of which sucsEta4
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FLE TI TLEYNUMIBEI/VOLUME:
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DELETIONS , IF ANY : 1
DATE DNTE
RECEI VED RETURNED REVIFIED BY (PRINT NAME SIGNATUFE 0F REVIEWING OFFICIAI
NO DOCUMENTS MAY BF COPIED OR REOVED FROMI THI$ FILE
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cadlt SIc cigsem 0' 'U'A Jrits ALt
"iPauductiom 07 Otmin TMAR S & C R E T i6ouino Odvici i0 pmomiditdd Piajon'umit Notii[d_
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cite KAmBuRG 25462
'Director InF 0 8 ONN, Bomt 8A SE ,
Macrunch Fuomen REdreg
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REF { EGGA-6103, :2 Aug 74
no-jci
1
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S0 VIET ANALYST, VOL, J , NJ . 17 , 15 Aug, EntitLed: "KAEKL[N'$
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14-QQQQQ
$46 RET 8
TRANSMITTAL MANiFEST
Fon Chicf , EUR Division Co)s Ilc sinki
No. 669923
ITEmNO Descaiption
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22485
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WOULC NO? MAxE MucA 3iff27emce 0R COUL[ ACfUALLY Rebound
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(USIUT4}1QM Ffocessing Aciiom DISPATCH
S € c R € T
Miacald (or inofxing
Chfe f 0f Statfon, He IsIntl
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If avaflable, be would appreciate recelvIng Pour
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NETHERLAADS
CKILEAN REFUGEES IN NETXZRLMDS POINTED OuT AS FUGITIVES
Editorial by N . van Nieuwenhuysen; Refort torischDaeblad,
Dutch, 19 April 1974, p 5/
The Ch ilean re Pugees in the Ne therlandg geem to be having adjugtment problems _ These ra thcr prolonged symptoms:
geem to be caused a mong other things by the fact that they
8till find it hard to accept that the socialist dlream of
their Barxist president: is de= finltely over and that their
coun 18 now being ruled a smali group of reactionaries
wh0 are trying to keep the people under control through
terroribm, repression, and torture. Such problens will take
you te a ways in the Fetherlands and those idealists were quick to take advantage of it,
Yel fare
'Nhat is the gituation? Most of the approxima tely
250 re_ fugees with a high school or university education do
not work. About half of them have been housed at the "Huis
ter Schle" in Overschie wnere enjoy the sunshine on the terrace or play
"ofieybeii
in the yard . Board and lodgIng are free and at the end of the week they pick up another 25 guilders pocket money. In addition receive
free language Instruction, commuter tickets for the bus , and
compensa tion for each trip they have to take.
Do you the idea that they are better off than many: old people in the Fetherlands? You are proba bly right, because the Cnilean exiles do not have to live on welfare }
are be pa id from the frozen funds which had been
aIlocated for development aid to their fatherland , Chile.
So can see how wel1 our tax money is being spent.
ma
try by
qui-
they
they
get
they ing
you
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14-QQQQQ
ConsIdering tha t this group of pampered exileg
i0 preach revolution even here and with a full atomach
It may be ugcful to point out a few facts, These are facte
wh lch are we11 known in the Ministry In The ' Hague but for
some reabon never made it to thc Ne therlands pre83 ,
Facta
The erea t me jority of the refugees are not even
Ch ilean na tlonal8 . They are natveg of Dolivia Braz_l and
Urugua-y came to Chile as a recult of illcval and
revolutionary activities in which they had been involved In
thesc South and Middle 'imerican countries , the ultimate
congequences of wh ich they did not wigh to suffer.
felt a t home - In Allende ' & Ch f le because Allende
showed gympa thy for their g[tuation. KIg first action a8
presfdent, after his Inauguration Jn November 1970 , was to
declare amnesty for 411 those who "were members of terrorist
undereround organizations, thosc who during the lagt monthg
of_ h18 predecebgor= S resime had been chargod with tank
robbery , the armed robbery 0f self-service stores, the theft
of weapons from military arsenals, kidnapping, and attempted
Gurder.
The fact that sone of those revolutionarieg recclved
Chilean diplonatic status was due to Allende S policy of
eranting resIdence permits to this type of revolutiorarle8,
These refugees with a high school or higher level educa tfon
seemed to ha ve no ad justment problemg In Chile A8 a regult
soon found their way to important positiong in the
government.
Thc fugitives didn t suffer any sleepless nehts in
Chile either, because they felt protected by a militant
marxigt army , armed o the teeth Some 10,000 revolutbnarieg ,
from all points of the compags , were the [r disposal -
Definition
In the Berner Tageblatt, a Swiss newspaper wh Ich
is known for not exaggerating' Dr. Harlo Pue Ima from the
University of Freiburg, wrote the following "The concept
of politlcal re fugee is only of limited va lue when applied
to Chile. ha tever ona S attitude toward the military Junta
sma1l
ire
Thcy
They
they key
8 t
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may be ono thIng 18 certalni thc Chflean ro_ fupec? wore rot
pursucd only because of thelr Ideolo8y, tholr 9tatu0 , or
tho[r orlgin. Th[s Is the traditional, humanltarlan do f Inf-
tfon for a rcfuc,cc _ For the mort part they aro pcoplo who,
in the Ir own country , could be lecally charged wIth crimeg
wh Ich ere punfghablo under any Judiclal system.
Thege rofugees carrled out actlvftieg In Ch {l0 wh Ich
were avalnut the constitution. Ag 0 ma tter of fact, are cpeciallets in vIolence Thlg 1o why they soueht a6ylum In
the forelgn embagsles in Santlaeo and why there arc 30 many forelgnors among them.
CS0, 8014/2087-W
thcy
8463
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14-02000
VRiJdAG 19 April 1914 VS.-eronamic
tcrug
Opgemerkt
#AsI;TUN
4 Ix Aincrikaansr 5i
Uut
1 somicning ipavnal Ec
Chili
nattnalc €c',JlIc Fw/ Ene L Icnurchof-Tt TG
Gr Sic #,rf"l Fn dit Jmnr Jan 12,7 , Sicesn :mndici (hilcrnsc rluch(cIlnten
ri Dtr dan Ilcn pnroml, Ncdcitand echlfncu "d Mcv hnm nxhvi presluk( I'o #ublcman" Ic hchtrn.
Inpatelgs_
ininecnle" in Ict r rslc *##Nal Inot lsnrdlurlka WILnogji
~n jau-pncnlagc an 5,8 V:I I de
Veatrhtjnert' Tlijht
On- ~tlc Xer aInds 180 at hit hruta dcrmieer "criruaki (c wordcu nAt Vld:r prxlutizt {s #ctnuilrd Qi
tuordal a0j hct #"r Mteree slat hext 1 (fe Ahrmic (lu} In 16 Jaxr Lunnr" vrrkrerirn duu dc
Ik 1i Hralrin; #an hc: bruw} niilu- Ibchc sorlalln -
#alc p:rfuk 7lct 1aI ac Mprxlsller hc
"crrrirke worlan Tr ns 3E prcaldlrmt dvtlnfutrt rmrbl} Irn 43
17n {uns ce: 3 "m} pr(rrtil Jna :
hun lind nii hchccci worill dirst d:c (kr (lc mgrring Wh} sadicsn. Grm #telug Eroch rarllonulrcn Xcl ialsie kvarianl "n Tu: vra nic} Icrrrur. Wlc
Jaar ng" hot brulo nutkal: Moceke ondcrdrukkIng
cn fol.
4xi | 1.0' pruccnt, Icrlngen prohrort hot ralk
ondcr do "runcisen dulm (c houdcn: Alct to*n Gnekamellgai tj" ein kom
Ianac vol-
Mcueta zullcn Je ccn hrcl cInel In Nc.
Pn- {r{oulltcerd
NIiNSTERs KRIJGEN IIUIS ARREST dcrland rn dlt hadlcn dlczo Idcalls-
Acd Floon I" ko- 'Icn 01 Rauw In d galcn:
{deh" roatuan-
#nhilngoanna;
Ethiopische
wt
VEIRZOIRGING
hecftraedr neer Want mai-Lv hct Kc"mi? Wrrkrn
~m Intage fs Htj- docn Ic nre;lc "un dc Jeling %an #er- pifcvctt %70
#liringen.
verwijten
vluchIcllngcn #4i milddolhanr Fn unlvrrllalr nlvcJ4 nlcl (ngcvety ETIMrTA% 3;ER hcnt d?
dc hrlft an ho & onalcrkehrurhe
t {ella bland, Andis AMP& Prrmlcr Kndol - vrams wcral Gcstcld wojIm hc( _Iluls trr Schlc~ JII
beti;re #achow Malteara vJn Ethlepib hrolt fct: aNc Ehlopifr dic Mn brocd #aar
In Orrnchlc,
verhoI- donderdaf ~Aradecinask/ Jut Festolcn mnmlddcIlijk de Rv-
IJ on hcl Icrras kcnlclrn
Tan Bcstrck Iussn _ drn van dc dic
do Ic - vansc:e Incaat_ IerwiJl de rx-mics- dc un ol vollcybal "pclcn Sa Hscitcht: Het daur dc
mxrriug cInd Ichriuri Icn # cmistigc mlsdadcn zoueen tuiln. Kus/ In Jc
M icltzcity det wcru enilt#hlrn Relwongcn hcbbrn #CSdan; nlct Voor de Fn Ium JlJu kralls
fn Danij-tr" n( t uryra:]huisarrc [ hcbhcn bana #rlc;) rpcI} - Fn" abn hcl rlar "an dc wrrk cgrn; gcdnnsd Cn rniar Gr - "am . 'injc:'$ (ri - Volfrns 4 j3oehe" raahlv
echnkn! op stran: rundloptn Icn 'iJ uok ccns "IJtcMtwintlg
dere |communit- Makkonrn gi
hreft Makoc:en dat Fr cen (uramissle ruldcn Zakxcld_ Daarblj krllgrn (lc Kival;icalle ; kom In 4125 (t'01 bijeoT - Is britmd dic cen ondcruri mcot nor rratl #hJ
4 "n "rimdd- ollicicnn Wn ronci .oou Instcl: : rajr het eedrar van de
tdulcursusscn; ccn rlt
Rex-rnen]e ver- mler
~igppn [J' Drc - roomalige minlters tcutanrt vUr d bus rn rcn Verroc-
sn 'nininz Over bodtn Sn 3 biernkeas ont- 'our clbc rclv dlc #U miopicn mlllllirc Iwnnd - heni haddcn Ce srjdkrachten dlc maken ax MR dat hct leGer POLITIE
rrerminfeuvrcs Gccluunsrn 7:; ix: Le Grijpen als In 4 '0 het } Rugs iechc er nlet 0n5i 1 :ezcn de mlnls -
sxad Asmir hceft de polllle
isoltren (crs' Wen: 07mo0 bekecc rmabkt dzt 2lj Gcen rirullne- Door
Ict Icscr Ingi dc mlnblera dat
#crk Gr Zal Vertichicn; Omdi: haar
Heil Amti- #Jj het Iai in wa nvuomischc chaor els mnI onila; 83 tic; ialiricii;ie N van Niauwenhuysen
Ibterlandsc brbhca Tranr [42
hooa: 1an de Polltlc. lullaant-Zenc-
Rmor: wiJec errtjtt Xarn co onwctiikc ra[ J' Shibeshl, nlet Lo Ingewth - U "Inda dal ver - Ircdcn nj hun a7 - Itbrs hetsben de L.0 'ij blcr hcbbrn uft] rrhtens hcblxa &ixrnsczworen om Wcemacn Jie woensduc spxor - al menlg Nrdcrlands hcJaarde? (lohfczonder- verdccldhcia w ruie Iljn In sakirg
grole Amerl - Se443 de "rach:auros {c3ct.n3 - WasrachlJolljk hrbt Rclljk. #ani orieken houdc? dia goalerra ran Asmard dc ("hllccujbc halllngen dulu'8 PLAVNEN nuar da haversled Voswa uuden nlct "4n dc
bhovrn
Cubi Dezc brengc?: biJstana Ic Iercn: 'IJ waareFhujnkijk Makonnen F1! t 6 bijeenkomst wordcn namclijk Rctinanclcrel dltet #kuk ~iM; f"t fn Mnnync ~crctting "an de dr srblukbecrdc
(le orgini:t hcrroriua-; "ir 4iin TrKc
Rcldcn Touc ont-
#" t+retn Cub ring M: he8"" 47 38 "tor
Arbeidsonrusl
0 iacilogshulp 4J# hWu "alrriena
mbargol hun vorbar:;: {851: Pn derr ecr Chlll 1" Icl mijur hor cocu 10b? bcroc R or hc: rF Txto r"n
in Canada bclssllugeeldl #orilt Ir Ircl: van tuch: 3h 4 ronr het Jit fo" dc land In 4r Tr* cw4em die nug M #iicm Erledc
zullen Konxc; 4 Rrreer zou het OTTAICA De portcrijen_ ne:
RrocpJc ballingcn Iclfe hicr 0g Mct huisarro r 1:: srjilce ninls - Onmnira ?l tuch:rerkcer F7 Aet rollc maag dc rcrulutic prralil( [s tcrs brken: nYC rakt torn schaspissrerkFpr op de S-Law ht ntlschicn nultig rnisa (rilcu Ic rence 7ia in Carada zijn "crlarcd narmcn: !cilrn dic op hcl minisIcric
dor 077 sakirs die het Jand digr - In In #cibrkrnd Liheraal Wjks Cx #iljopnen dollerg xul_ 0m dc (n or andcrc
Iljn. nijrc
De artxannst duun nu 2] Irrt{ ralcn nooll dc
dan Co urrk Fn zal rolfens de Ca- pD lu Nrdcrland balcn
nade c M;rentaire oppo !e de Kennerly aan
Inflatic 26 Iytnttcl jaarlljks 10 FFITEN
Pnrccl tnrjag: bvonezen n vluchlclinsen hchbrp L Ai; {rexirgco s (" nclft Toat
van a;lc Nexan:ur; ir ix: Ian: orcretulc drrl uirt ccd dc cal- het weord
Geolulo : w" @prelrc 4n Xdat brrooc nallunalitalt . 'U do alam- Itl:s:.6:" 1Y: nnsihtle Ir
looppt
"rj"
{ine
4rt)omn S,8
(o
hccft
leger
scherpe
uulag
Hrrn nor
7"1
Jo alng
Iug hc Igd.
Da#0
Ilaag
aci
==================================================
Page 110
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14-QQQQQ
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Page 111
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14-00000
JKaaim) Ir Ainct n:mn 7 "tkncmcra ar'Joato Onxai olh ix dver '%uif Mudnm.
srTlair nlwari Kommlv hrc% '#}a shir:: #oretm, #finrn at Ax Amcria Ianaln
(len"e#c '' 47'1 mRtl "cnl "rrfxh '" 'un:uc-n |onic: A0mr Apiiva bit
Iv nsl;i- h"aia Ii - Ir" tmm7(n "{1 [r mrrkunic;y 0 ;'< Erhomncn mrt onmclla" t n"I
erim tlo #lx s: "m" 'Jc Jomcucn arIwm. Iar (r mrxt ticnin erilrweingca Xt Ar mj
6Af) seremralce}l t;" 'Htr: X;: Mr{ Woiecti Ic onlcrhanlclcn M: i8. da ullcudciljkc Conlnc'oui Ic"- nici
M/ni vmm I Ariabscnc Tr6 'jo} 'dcrcr: M"rt[ "m) I| wrk 1
lexnlzen Ilc 5La"t"r rh - "cnatrn Ic' (ragrn Gvasun 13 Vi' {52" (flngrn hoxrn ht: %tl elcr; iic "ui #llc R 7 'hrcpraarntct In hcl ("fl Fan Aiknnv vurllt' "
Iu:rr[1 Malli '0 Zu,d#rc (rr sc T rern Iurcn Molitrrel Cii i8Yre '0 sh thulv omdat Ailvde brgrlp
urenamulr nnc I; Ir {#dcD} "MM ujn 1 crn wrck In ftaklr" 48 :j (oonelc Finic hun krdrat_ 'G1" ric
T'li[ rernehcrpv. Aructly NstexJc crn (mmiakciclijkr Ionnrintn; daad al prraidcnt, T~a Kii tn no . het g"n ablcnatc nfe (i eo "Hr Sci) #am Z0 (RX) ot "h.Ck) #r it
Trning nfe{ kun} Waens aleciaee 'na jonr, IJe rrgcriig hecft hcn JrS(ty) "cmbcr 1970 Krinstalkxev 0il b -
1J" #1 vorchcxcnc maunecn {4 dollur Fctxtcn icr rcmi pcriaec Tan stona nainciijk uit TN #rvndigcn
vuftn In vaxrlxnums Imfin XWM}- drlc Juar Fn urkl Mwucmicrl Hjae n smincutlc Foor al ' axarden dlc
Tn"t1 , Ib: Amcrikmnsc 8m1hu/ 1 nw Grlijkhcdcn mn c Iwiscn te taturislische dluskrdug: nd Ccx brauek van enlr dwisrn hri wrr fa heradcn; Alld #attt #an Ccn
dnren, #Jek"nx hcwcIk hij teire . 0x hct lucbth:#T} Irrne l fist oncrcomisr urranieatt' sr 'hrn
kinget vur'Tela? mc| euktr Toccr W}= loons"crhoxlng Van Neiki dc 014- allc In dc lactatc maandn vader aIJn
36v Tito , na:r xk Sovptr: Jar_ Dr ncht grreslskr likhumarcis 17
itwitrJnect #arcii JanaaleLru #uwt drszriul. Mij ?i :r 648lt 76 hct Imal hebtcn dc #frr* "I Wtrk
hc( bronri banlyo ge6clu-
Inairui tc ":Jn 1*#Ai # ECShrrs%n " halc krrht Pwrri Itnkr Tin
Ict 'm 'ukllaris" stun shed_ dmict Trw el,king vun de vrrktrriri- dadlec orcrwallcn m &"tbrdlc -
dcr_ nnjam Inkrle (lch tal 0t ##peni
ut mllllalrc drmols onnsaringro c Iijk: halfrond Irak kcrijgt "oa
saaotuixrn VAn Arr volu-
'tlonsicru Chllccns entmjtlckc
Flaus Krcecn I, OK Iotturhjar
Cuba prlement
a mcn wcrt dnt ac Tsering Yan
ver
Allcmlc (rt brIcid vacrar dut Fr OP
DAGDAD Irok krict (7Wr hct Ecrkht Do'/1y 0itt Juist ToAdjIsrer-
FCISI sclr d reValullc " !4w ny1 kunninrrn (c Rcecn 0J* Et (rpc
volksrcrlcgrnworirdlging: Mct nmsi' rrelullonalrcn: Dczc nbilinecn
diun} "nn nct _progrcxslcrc n:iwxtlc Fan Ih ltcibuur cn Nt;cn oirrau
{ront ncctt tlertoc brslta44 E0 0
dondkerlug Ixkendlgemuaki_ Ii a3a6*r bckin natuiciijk In fxin Kccn
hington
daIplksvcrttrenweorllxins er K`n/ ~aanpas inasmiutIluikaaacA" B hcb-
cn 0f dlc lol #und kanen it1ir 4i brn Zij ronlen dan ac onura bun
genicno verkIceIngen, & nor nk% X Ftr Wajc brlansrUkc cabusltics
sloten: In IJuxdud alaat C {awi
gcbouw voor Fcn nutlonal Wrae- In dc rgcrlng
nalaltn Ic vaxrktuncn dai dr Inaa rlng mianr hct Iy nog noli Acnneki slapcluer uachicn Aln do
@cn dlonalcr:
uft Lillfns-Arierika nos Mc #T. 6*n1 Da sixla llatlscho Haus-partij 71 jc cierialgden" In Chlm m nict om
tcperkingen unaerharIs woful #- cummtnislcn wtrkcn Sumnch jn Net d3/ IU alh brachermd vnlen duur
an minirtcrd
Fnad%[, prorrsslcrc nultlonalc Iront Ctii Iat dc (ainlcn Ecantrdu mitl-
Malfrona in tant- )arrlstinch Aoldstcnkeer Zun
Sanodigd op (;JUnPROi ATIE ACIITERUIT 1.m r"ulutlonalrcn Dn 2" #tod-
sIrkcn Junden hcn I6 Xrchlk - {olgendl janr Rlue. Grote onrust ondlcr
IFFIZTIEF
In hcl #ncrocr TascXJtt ' Gcn
vin het Wcs -
niijuwerkers in Z-Afrika
{uItscn6 Rrant alc sA pict JJn
cxleo-slod (w(a ocrrUvlng wchuldic mjukA,
Ipar hul h nlet schrll tc. Marlo Nnlr van dc
MlW In (le: JQIm: ESut R(; F In c aIgrloprn Wcken L mourd cn dadslss' In dc Friburcac Vnferniicil: ~al (Ull - Nujkinskrr Kun "uldalrikasnxe &oudmlincn ondcr de Iwartc municrktre fot Tco eonbarada
ccpi "J0 de polltickc ttb te ting er
lgl: Staten Im omvang Ullgcrrorld; Ic Jonkole belans an blocdlgc stamewlstcn (usscn {4st Ken mct bclrckklng lol tr ~lcchis
t(: ziju In vcrlc- arlrldrr ult Lasutha rul dr Xhtns"s In dc kuudmin Carlclonvlllc; bU Jobjnaca- fn srfr bepcrklc malc sret He
"rxe wmirent luldt; Ilcn ddrn cn drile tn #relle grwondca Mcii ak Immr 5aan trnvcr dc bijex-nkomst te
nkoinst wordt d: mllitaln Junta. ccn dinf & &ker: dc
dle orxunisutle: D: metsto slak htccs waren %7u- USI t6 wetfn wawrom naij utn Chllcru fluchtcllngcn brryen nic(
lin op %rljdlug In welijk vermiinkt. SlaWtlaalstn wer- Xc:s elkaur dondslaan; Iun Itc
allccn "rrrolkd bun irolugk. de:n Vernfeld , mt} trinr ult cren Genunorigers wetcn het nict (3 ik Voot
cn In brind Bc"shern #ucnlende bet4"Jkcl , "I de arbelders I tet Wel suatus ut 4fkumsl Dlt {aat L dc
m:jnwt ers zijn nsrs Ovsgeluig:n Ktcn" uldus de bedrijtsleides traditlonclc humaniudr #tenltl KMIBAIrcO
duszrschoten Veien mencn; dbt inteunr7ke* "
Ti0 Qn rrrvulgdc: 'M J {rwol -
Jc wamrmy dc Tleluucnd Baa4ho's hebbrn sinds SG dral Un het mensra % b bun omst helxn at- {eb:uari cun #ek erin in Tuwd- stannen-rijandschap dc ot:uuk is
Over Cutm Ke - Alrik:a in dle SIcr saton €n ijn Fan . onlusten. Daurblj konat: d: nij rigcn Iund wclifiuk arealujed
'Hts rcunamilsche naar hun veilice Nxra hlige Vider- ce huidize #unlngnoxi tn 8.t kundco worden Tonr miuRuleo Jic
pedon, Ncfemln lor L:sulho terueeritrn} Vtle an- aalejdin: roldoende is on} dp 3# ondcr cib rchlshrstc {ujjr
mrmcr dat hel dere zln van plan aw na4r Ixaho {c8cn de gastarbelders I0t &n
ltaat Vn de terur te gaun, %a Zc Busotno's %rezkn sic Ic brengen: De mljnmjmnh; djn
hinglon Is_ dat de Ihans dc nujnwerkers Wt Valawi &a0 PVJen hebben zich tOl dusier #p} IKIc stuchtclingca wrc+co b
ell Jijken tc #Ijn de beurt w zijn Iegen de ess. de zware mijnntxe? Chili dsdcn ult dlc In siu Raro
rgobelcld tpgen & &rfren naer de streken "74F * mct dc grundwcl" In mne xin bat:
allgen, Wut de vanduan *omen, Zj Menen, cx: d1n
de vcrschlllen
INSPR:AAAK
Go8 KitIPt? Onluslen touden 4%z1l sparlsliaIcn In Ecwc)a c deec
"0 {nerika en de Le- Wcordvoerders 1? de zwaru Het 10u zelIs tot ~slach partitn ncocn gorhtrn xij edi] m d bul-
den geblcven te mljcwerkers rerklan_ du: de mijn- kunnen komen_ Intusscn [aJ: 4 tcnbn c ambassadcr I Suntijzo
"trtr niets in Ir hrnien hebben Boudprduk!ie achterult In LAr Fo disnim berIndca ziab mrel
Vs _: ulschutting Icgenuver de blanie kred:ng 'n de % Cr ngrrig met het pntca 1}
ImmerInaen nr mijne:n Yn nlets' a3: dc 4r0}ldmn - Ce bneehos gewurden Irrika? nuitcnlandcrs ondcr bo
dit
7l
prul-
burg;
ertt
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14-QQQQQ
uuiuuiig MEssaGE
35 - 3'
0cjb1 [gmid#Udr Umi
409
onf 0 0
[28010r"K4
S-E( R [ T
0088iog Merereldio Cco 4mwimv10iei Rooa
STAFF 3022402 DIRECTOR 55L999
Uw0i dissrm con?: Elr t imfo: Mll
'hav, wn? 55 chut _ 8
30mi
0s/ 6%
51
5 "
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C/vuHIg
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To: dom, '3A3C ImF0 00 /N , SAmTIAGO , HAMBURG.Y Dcivim/o_
VihibisA Fuonyx caSLappyy Tofocus Y
Vihicifi
REFS: A,- eotin 8ASE--31992 IIA Zbzuswl
Vihibier
8 D IrECToR s186 5? Y Wihibisuc | _ IeEQe"l
T
1 . F GR REF A fEATURE, suggest BASE PROVIDE CAZUARRY WItH
APPROPRIATE Iif 0 on REOBf iigees AVAILABLE In NunEROu? Has TRACE CACLES
SENT 8 0 {il/ . WE ARE UNABLE9 IDENTIFY Aly REfUgcES LIviKG In GERNANY
UNdER FaLsz IDENTITY. Y
2. AIRnaILInG To 02Routsas BAcKGROUND MATERIAL on LEFTIST BRB0?
EFFoRtS TS SISCREDIT CHILEAM REGInE, IKCLUDING:Y
4 LCBEF ORE Press SUMMARIES 0f fRont ACTI'ITIES. Y
2 _ rieWs OULLETI!IB PUBLISHED BY @RITISH (HILE SOLIDARITY
COMITTEE , WMIICh COHTAINS "INTERNATIONAL NEWS" SECTIom Aitd A
SECTIGN GIVING CHiILEAM RCFUGEE Qu)TAS BY (ountRy . #
ARTICLES RE RUSSELL TRIOUMAL On CHILE , KELD Rone ,
APRIL 74.. #
) _ nay }474 UIEMER TAgebuch ARTICLE on CHILE BLACK 80 ok . Y
Ebb = APRIL J974 frankfurt-stadt RundSCHAU ARTICLE RE CHILEAN
DATE ,
orig :
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('Ailjbt Rephoduction By Other Imam [Me issuihg Office is Prowibiteo E 2 impdet
CL BY :
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==================================================
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14-QQQQQ
JV MlJonul
L{#muoi om
Jo 760
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3ioug Hint #e 0m4.410 04i+iidq Jau0 Jblmmbeinc;
Staff DIRECTOR
Dissem 0Y!
conp inro; File
8
5369/9
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0 5816
SOLIKARIty MEETInG HELD FRANKFURT 24-27 APRIL
3, WE Are UNABLE suggest KNOWLEDGEABLC Peksohi 0f STATURE for
[NTERVIEW 014 LCFTIST-Effort DISCRECDBIT: REGIME. AS ALTERNATIVE
suggest CAGiJARRY OR NETWOrk RCPORTER #IGMT SEEK INTERVIEU 0f DR = NARIO
PUELMA PRofESsOR 0f CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY At FREIBURG UNIVERSfTY, Who
Wrotc TWo-PART ARTICLE In 080}5-16 JAMUARY Issucs Op aErn DAILY
BCRNER TAGELATT om sUd JEct CMILEAN REFUgEES _ In ARTICLES PUELMA
GIVES Ba CKGROUn) 0f TERRORIST novEment In CHILE AS It deveLoped AS
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DATE :
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4 PLEASE ADVISE WHAT AssIstancE SANTIAGO STATION CAN PROVIDE
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1. A FORMER SOVIET FOREIgN MINISTRY OFFICER {AecLusteR}
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Who Iay 8E Imterested Im CHILEAM SITUATION. MAtERIAL IS LARGeLy
Ovcrt, THiEREF ORz 1 OBJECTION To Its USE DY PRESS Assets S0 Long
AS Story iot Passcd 0r Used VEROATIM.
2 , om 9 OCTCBER CHILEAM FOREIGH MINISTER VICE-ADMIRAL ISMAeL
HiUErta APPERRED For ONe Arid ONE-MaLF HOUR presEiitatIom B EFORE UngA
To EXFLAIm "Frcts WMICH QPLIGED_ARMED_EORCES ahid__POLICE_to TAKE
CCHIRL QE_ TWE GSERNMENT Ax:d To ESTADLISii 0 REGInT 0f MA IORIAL
ResToRATIon," at) To CHARGE That HIS govER;rEnT ir) JECONE VICTIm
0F ^ "most FALSE, Most MALEVOLENT, ' most VICIOUS Amd VERY WELL-
ORChESTRATED CAMPAIGN. "
3. Huerta' S SPEECH StREssEd TiAT ALLENDE S VIMORITY REGIME HA)
date;
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IS To SET CIiILE 0cK omi Its HISTORIC Path; AFTER G04l ACHIEVED , "WE
WILL Mot MESItAtE To RETURM 'To OUr 0ARRACKS Afid To OUR SHIPS. "
4 MUERTA AcknoWledged that ALLENDE REGINE ThE FIRST ELECTED
MARXIST govt In UESTERN HEMISPEHERE+ HAD AROUED ENTHUSIASM In
MaNY , BUt "It IS ONE THING , Genitleneti, To EvALUAte A FOREIGN
EXPERIENCE FRom AFAR, SeATed Ih ConFoRtABLE ARMCHAIPS 0r Im DISCUSSION
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WAS harassed, Tiiere UERE ILLEGAL InDUSTRIAL And AGRARIAH TAKEOVERS ,
POLITICANS Kxd VILLAGERS WERE AssassInATED , HE Chiarged THAT
FOREIGN Ageiits, SENT PRINCIPALLY 0% CubA , HAD SECRETLY BRoughit
Emough UEaPgis To CHILE To {QUIP 20,000 MEN . HE declaREd THAT
SOVIET-MA DE SIDEARNS, MACHINE GuNs ANTITAiNK Guns , Rocket LAUNCIIERS ,
Catwots Atid E"PLOSIVES HAD BEEN SHIPPED In Some PaCKED AS UORKS
Of ART An) somf DISGUISED AS GIFTS Froi1 FIdFL CASTRO.
5 < At OwE PoImit, To SUPPORT CLAIM 0F cuean InvolveneNT , MUERTA
READ TEXT of 29 JUlY 177] HAn)-URItTFN LETTER fron (ASTRO AddrESSED
To ~dEAR SALVAMGR . ' n LETTER ASSUrED ALLENDE Tiiat (HILEAN UORKING
CLASS H^ D 0Eevi FOREWARNED And WAS "feady for ACTIOM" If HIS REGINE
WCRE TiirefTeinxed . HUERTA SAID THAT LETTER CLEARLY DEmNSTRATED
CUBA 'S InTERVZFTION In CHiLEAN POLITICS AnD HCR supfort OF ThE
"ILLEGAL nethods" OF The ALLENDE REGIME.
6 . Im VITRIOLIC REPLY To HUERTA , CUBAN FOREIGN MINISTER RAUl
ROA CALLED HUERTA ~TRAITOROUS EX-MINISTER 0f ALLENDE Awd SeRGEANT Of
GoEBBLEs. 0 SIMILAR LIES And DISTORTIONS Of FACT CAm OE found In
Date :
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OATE : 1) octodER 1973
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To : IMMEDIATE ARGENTINA , LA PAZ, ORASILIA DogotA , SAN Jose,
SANTO DOMINGO , QUITO , MIAMI, GUATEMALA CITY, GEORGETOUN _ PORT AU
PRINCE , TEGUCIGALPA , KINdGSTON, MEXICO CITY , MANAGUA , PANAMA CITY ,
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1. FOLLOWING IS FOR YOUR BACKGROuND And For PASSING LOcAEzu
AUTHORITIES AS You SeE FIT:
2 FOUR-MaN MILITARY JUNTA THAT REVOLTED. AGAINST MARXIST RE -
GIME OF* SALVADOR ALLENDE on }} SEPTEMBER HAs GAINED FULL (ONTROL Of
THE CountRy, WITH EXCEPTION OF PockEts 0F RESISTANCE Im CAPITAL' on
12 SEPT THERE WAS FIBGHTING IN DoWNtoWn SANTIAGO BEtWeEN TbPooPs An)
SNIPERS HOLED UP In GoveRNMeNT BUILDINGS AnD In INDUSTRIAL AREAS WherE
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AnD Ni6#7"
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FRon WITNESSING ACTION= CURFEU ExtendeD To Noon 13 SePT.
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Date }
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CIVILIAM BIOLOGY Aiid 80 TANY PROFESSOR 0f unknoun POLITICS.
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Lauyzr,
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FORNERLY CHIEF 0f (IATIONAL defense CSTAFF , REPoRTE)
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WHO WAS SchEDuLdED To 8E RETIRE) BY ALLENDE Im August,
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CentRAL Bank DEvaLuEj 'he EScUgO {GR [ MPgrisiexports 0Y
SL [GAILY 0vE R 180 Percent [o am Effurt To cuRO Im*jrt DEMAND ,
Encuurase Expcrfs AnD EASE ?pessuRzs = 0Tner Price RISES
6R0jsmT [nFlation F QR TPE Ycaa 30 526 Percent_ (FcR DIRecToR $
Khile prev!Ous Es7!MaTes 6y 86 !| EMBaSSy AND ImF In November
FLace; [NFLAfijn For Tme K:aA 4 ? PRuoAeLy Jetwea# {50 And 600
Perce#!. ThE End-Gf-!he-YZar F !GUF:E 0F THE NATio4AL StAtiSTICAL
!nstitute wAS 506.: SE= Jint!ae6 EMoAssy TeLeCRAY 2173
0f 11 JAmuARY . )
Quiil ReJ4u
T 055;7471
2, PARA 0 LAST Sentencc Sdield Reac "The HASSIE 3,5
Txuns
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b3*4 BX""
Dz #m K7 The AveRAGe DuA!ng Tdc F(ast M'mE MiATns 07 1973 A,S prgduc T4Ap (
9 8 c R E T
RECORD COpY Is -12 4-32
14 _.7 *
dexro
12 $ . 5 2
"75 .
==================================================
Page 155
==================================================
14-QQQQQ
TotAL 'odils num 0Y caulk Ric diobem oy DeprodU(.(iom 01 Otmir Tman
obuino Ovvici i0 Dwomidited 0 & € A @ T
Perbun!Uini NOtipito
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DYANCE.COEY JPALEDZSLQLIER
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Action
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16n!1G1"17z Jan 74 SAgo 27899
MJLl PRooAJLy reack A Recoru 0f AT Least 050, @@0 TonS In 1974,4,"
3 Nu File, E2 Mapoet
5 E C R E
==================================================
Page 156
==================================================
14-QQQQQ
outgoing MESSAGE
Jijmal Ciriimude WNlt
27-
40 cot Jp Ird #ao
Qmif 0
{lr KatrY
S [ ( R [ T
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0 prtm
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To : PARIS, HELSINKI SONN , Tokyo , Lomdoti Infa SANTIAGO _
RYBAT FuonEN
} FOLLOWING SUNNARY 0F POLITICA AN)ECQGQIC SITUATIONIn
CHILE At DEGINNING OF J974 MiAY BE USEFUL FOR ORAL BRIEFInGS Of LOCAL
GOvERNMENT And OTHER HIGH LEVEl contacts UnO {nteRested In ChTLE;;
CYKM
'STIPULATIOM no FURTHER [XPLOITATION. 6{u1nEI
2. THE OuTLook For_ CIiILE IS CAUTIOUSLY OPTINISTIC "the Knieu;
ati:[ :*SI
MILItARY GOVERNMENT HAS AVOIDED MAJOr InteRNAL CONFLIcs mN Itas-;! !l
03 |h/ts
NOvED AGGRESSIVELY To 'REORGANIZE GOVERNNEHT AGE CIES NOREInitch
EFFICIENTLY , To CREATE AN APOLITICAL CIVIL SERVICE, ANd To (OrreCT
THE Excesses 0F NEARLY TIREE YEARS 0f DECAPITALIZATION UNDER state
SOCIALISM. Its ECONOMIC Prograns, ALthough AUSTERE , ARE Sound And
OFFER A FIRM FOUNDATION FOR RECOVERY And GRolth 0f TIE CHILEAN
Ecomoty . THE STRICT SECURITY (EASURES AdoPTeD 5Y ThE JUNtA HavE
BEEN SUCceSSFul; In PREVENTING ANY LARGE-SCALE (IQLENCE OR TERRORISM
And ARE LIKELY To BE (ONTINUED FoR THE FORESEEABLE FUTURE _
3. THE JUnta novE) CUICKLY ^fteR THE (c&? QF 1} SEntEr?eR To
REnovE PRICE CONiTROLS O, ALL but 30 DASIC (Qu; RITIES, UKILE thie
DATE :
orig:
umit: MJ~ 7$
EXT:
RECORD COPY 15 - /2 4-52
CcJbdil 9//30 Obkir} JMmeikii mve;i0 Mlisbilo 08/010
{6' 0{4 r
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==================================================
Page 157
==================================================
14-000QQ
outgoing MESSAGE
98u1/4AL ( Fmffo uoe Orl / Paud
Iun Uao (01
otif 0
Lt bi*jiOw
s [ ( R ET 6mo An 8aq Dibidiri Ruwo
0ai0.1i5i Omold Miobaji miruli70 Mokatua
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DEVALUED ThE Escudo BY Some b0, IN An EffORt To (URB
(entRAL BANK
Import DenAMD ANn) EASE PRESSURES on THE (gutitry's MeAGcR FOREIGN
EXCHANGE RESERVES . AS A RESULT , CHiILE's Cost OF LIVInG JumPE) 887
OCTObER , AND OTHER PRICE RISES Pusvied IXHfLATION To Some 770
In
FOR ThE YEAR'
4
THE Junta HAS iioi Agree) To FOLLOU Tme STABILIZATION
3
PROGRAn ProPosEd . BY Am Inf TEAI: Wiiici VISITED CMILE In LATE 1974-
Program CALLS For TIGKTER.FEDERAL SPCNDInG AnD FOR LIMITING
THIS
INFLATION To 1007. In 1774. TMIS IMf PRogRkm Is FEASIBLE But MAY
OVER-OPTIMISTIC, ESPECIALLY SIMCE TkE WORLD-UIDE ENERGY
B€ soreWhiat
CRISIS WILL Soon FORCE` CHILE Tc RAISE FUEL PRICES , Thus ExACCeR-
PROOLEI1 0f
CONTROLLING INFLATIOM . ADHERENCE To ThE InF
BATING THE
HOUEVER , InPRovEL CHILE's C@REDIT RATING, AS HAS ThE
PROPOSAL HAS,
SIGNING 0F A
BILATERAL AgReeMENT WITH THE WWITED states On (HILE'S
DEBT . CHILE IS thus In A RELATIVELY 6002 POSITION FOR
1971-1972
ThE OPEMING 0F TWE PARIS CLUB TALKS Ii FEBRuaRY . ThE MASSIVE 04
DOLLAR FOREIgH DEdT , HOUEVER, WILL (aUsE CHILE DALANCE 0F
BILLION
BALANCE-OF-PAYMENTS PROBLEIS FoR Sone TInE'
DATE }
ORig;
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{00mi'nitna Ouk(01 Delijiba 0bodia
u
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5 [ ( R E T
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Page 158
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14-QQQQQ
outgoimg GSSAGE
D'omal ctciause OrLy
401 {0 J 00
o,if 0
47414
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7 COPPER PRODUCTION HAS ALREADY Iicreased more thi,in so%
OvER: LAST YEAR'S LEVEL Amid: Production WILL PRoDA8L Y REAcH A RECOR)
750,000 Tons Im 1974' DESPITE SPORADIC SiiortageS 0f SPARE PaRts An)
SERVICEAHLE VEIiICLES = FARM 'Output , HoWEVER, IS Not ExfeCTED To
RECGVER FULLY UMTIL ThE 1974/73 HARVEST So THAT AgRICULTURAL
Inports, PARTICULARLY GRAIN , W:LL CONT'INUE To BE A DRAIN On CHILE'S
FOREIGN RESERVES.
ThE JUNTA HAS demonstiAteD 600 D FAITH In ThE TREATrENT 0F
FOREIGM EQUITY AnD HaS LINED Up SUFFICIENT FOREIGN CREBITS To
ENAOLE It To Purchase CAPITAL Goo)s Amd FINANCE ThE CUrrEMT PAY-
NeNTS GAP . THE GOVERMMENT Has ALSO UNdERTAKEN To SetTLE Out-
STAMidInG CONPENSATION CLAInS EIANATING From ALLENDE NATIONALIZA-
TIonS , STATING THAt It WILL EI HER RETURN Intervemed FIfmS To The
PRIVATE SECTOR, OR AS Im ThE Cse 0f LARGE coPPER NINES , 01 DEQUAteLY
COMPENSATE PREVIOUS ohmiers . FORNER PKIvATE BANKS UILL ALSO BE
RETuRED To THEIR FORMER OUNERS , BUT PROOAULY UItii sotE FORMULA
INVoLVING WORKER PAKTICIPATICM In 0 Ailk NAmaGEnETT _ TheRE ARE ALSO
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DATE ;
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==================================================
Page 159
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outgoing MESSAGE
9'6/4l cemt6d Vr/ 0*i&
{(A '8
omf 0 "0 0
(04040 4iut
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MemT 0f ExchArGE Rate Has PRACTICALLY ELIMIm;aTed ThE onice FLOURISH-
IkG OLACK naRKETS Ih COMm ITIES AMD FOREIGYi EXChAnGE HOWEVER, The
EurdEi 0f AUSTERITY 011 CHILEA (oiisunErs HaS 2EeM MEAVY . DZSPITE
WEALTiY IMCREASES Im VAGES Avid {EmieWed CoiifIBEice 0Y BUSIiiESSnEH ,
WORKING CLaSS (onsuneRS FIiid IT DIFFICULT To AFfor) Thie BAREST
HECESSITIES, And ' WORKIWG (LKSS Labor Is TAKIVG ^ U,IT Ati) SEE
ATTITUDE. TheRE IS, HOUEvER , ho ORGANIZED RESISTANCE To ThE JUwta
OR Its PROGRANS. Some POLITICIL FACTIOMS, PA?TICULARLY The
CMRISTIAN DEMOCRATIC PARTY {PDc} ARE GRUMZLIXG , But THIS DISSATIS-
FACTIOnN IS LARGELY Due To gowefxi Ent EFforts To Set UP MEU #9m-
POLITICAL-PARTY MECHAMISMS For FEECHING the PUELIC.
10. GovERNMENT "RECESSIMG" OF (ONGRESS K!id KLL POLITICAL
PARTIES HAS CREATED A POLITICAL 'acuun Iti CHILE. ThE Goveb;eiit;
WiiIch HOLds tiie POLITICAL PARTIES LARRRGEL RZSFO SIrLE FoR CIILE'$
(urrenT PLIGHT , IS TRYI}G To FILL THIS VCIv Ey Am InteNSE UsE 'Gf:
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Jivrad Reproduciiq" GT Ufmer 7ma" Tre issiies officc 1,#Fo.iieiteu E .2 #,7DET
7 € ( R € T CL 8% : 05556
==================================================
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14-QQQQQ
outgoing {SSAGE
Jiural cimtiguso Omlt
J00 46= 'uo #ro
OTF 0
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4994L9
00i W
CIVILIAN ADVISERS To ASSIST ThE goveriineht MINISTRIES. THIS
Phenonehon IS nost APPARENT Im ThE AREAS of ECONOmIC POLICY aiid Ih
Such TECHNICAL 'FIELDS AS PUBLIC HEALTH Am) HOUSING. The Importanice
0f The GROUP 0F EcOnOMIC ADVISERS headed BY RAUL SAEZ , FOR ExAMPLE
IS WELL KnoWn- ThE MINISTRY of HEALTH HAS Ati ADVISORY BOAR)
DfOMINATED By The MEDICAL ASSOCIATIOM, WHILE ThE MINISTRY of
HOUSING'S BOARD IS LARGELY CONTROLLED By THE ORGANIZATIOH RepresEiit-
Ing PRIVATE '(OnSTRUCtION FIRNS . SIMILARLY , ALnoST EVERY NIIISTRY:
AnD MANY Autononous AGENCIES HAVE PERMAMEtiT (IVILIAN ADVISORY
BOARDS ComPOsEd 0f REPRESENTATIVES 0f GRouPS Whiose WELFARE IS
AFFECTED BY ThE AgEnCY'S ACTIVITIES,
}}, In ADDITION To THESE (IVILIAN ADVISORY BoardS , THERE ARE A
LARGE NUMBER 0f "Study (OMMISSIonS" Through UHIICH CIVILIAHS CAN
0
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NATIONAL LAWYERS WHICH IS DRAFTING A MEU (O;isTITUTION, 8Ut tmere
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==================================================
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14-QQQQQ
outgoing MESSAGE
diGnal cimiidube Omly
401 (01 100
'oxif 0
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8 [ ( 'R [ T
enu 36dajimi Irirci MuddI
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0 Bedi Oissem @y $
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499407
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DELVING Into A )OZEN OTMER TOPIS.
SOME CMRISTIAN DEnocRats HOLD INFLUENTIAL GOVERN-
12. ALThOUGH
Most CIVILIAN ADVISERS ARE EITHER CONSERVATIVE OR
neit POSITIONS,
LACK 0F More
UIDESPREA) PARTICIPATION 0Y CHRISTIAN
APOLITICAL.
PROGLEriS For TKE Goveg:nent In THE FUture,
SEMocRats MAY CREATE
SINCE ORGANIZATIONS REPRESEiITIiG LORKERS , CANPESINOS
ESPECIALLY
{WHICH FORMERLY SUPPORTED EITHER THE CHRISTIAN
An) POBLADORES
{PDC} OR TME
ALLENDE goveriiient} ARE So FAR
DEXOcRATIC PARTY
REPRESENTED On ADVISORY (OUiicILS. THE GOVERNMENT HAS
IMadzQUATELY
UNITS ADDRESSEd To
Youth, Uoneil, GUILDS And NEIGHBOR-
ESTABLISHED
GROUPs In THE SECRETARIAT GENERAL OF GoVERNNEnT, And
Hood CIVIC
HOPES THAT THESE UILL SERVE AS VEHICLES
FoR GoveRNMENT-TO-PEOPLE
(OMnUNICATIoN.
LEADERS VIEU WITH DISTRusT ALL Pc EFFORTS To
13. THE Junta
ADHERENTS From ThE WORKIKG CLAsseS HICH FORtERLY
DIN MeU POLITICAL
S UP COALITION And RePorteCLy BELIEVE THIAT THE
{uPPorted ALLENDE
RESPECTING ThE POLITICAL REcESS. THE JUNTA IS
P)( IS Not
coniceriied BY THE POSSIBILITY THAT TKE PdC'5 LEFT LING
PARTICULARLY
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14-000QQ
OUTGOiNg T.
~SSAGE
Baoi
BicmAL cemtiaubCm, 0ro
c01 aCP Aua
omif 0
Mijing 54 ,3a06mbibitki Kddin
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cicihindit Gorato6 DIRECTOR
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INFO: File 0 0i '1udr t0 Per
conp:
4924]69_
0 1074b In ReTuRN for TUTURe ELECTORAL
AID THE FORNER UP PARTIES
WILL
SUPPORt .
To ThE Junt^ IS
THE POSSIDILITY
ONE PROBLEM
JF mAJOr CONCERN
14.
PRIOR To 1979, THE 10oth
MaY
Attack CHILE SQnE TIME
ThaT PERU
PERU , In ORDER To REGAIN
0F The
WAR BetWeen CHILE And
BY ANNIVERSARY THE CHILEANS ARE UORRIED
Lost In THAT WAR.
SomE 0f
THE TERRITORY
Thie USsR MAY BE TRY -
Of Arms
To PERU ANd FEAR THAT
TKE SOVIET SALE
TYPE" 0F CLIMATE In
CREATE AnotheR UNSTABLE"NIDDLE EAST
Ing To
LATIN ANERICA.
COnMUNIST EFFORTS To CREATE
TKE JuNta Is
ALsO CONCERNED BY
15. RESISTANcE NOVEMENT.
AN) To nouiit An INTERNAL
INTERNAL DISCONTENT
LED BY
Tie (ONMUNISTS,
THAT THE FORIIER UP PARTIES ,
THE
JUNTA EXPECTS DISTURDANCES ANd UNIFIED Front FOR CAUSING CIVILIAN
WILL Set UP A THE PEdC Into
An) UILL Try T0
MAMIPULATE
PCLITICAL DISCONTENT, FOR CHILEAN RESISTANCE
Goi'ERniEnT. Tuo FrowTS
OPPOSING THE Junta
DEING SET UP In
ARGENTINA Anid SEVERAL ARE
ARE BEING ORGANIZED Im
EUROPE.
TWE
JunTA GOVER;HNIENT IS
THE FROSLE(IS NOTED ADOVE ,
16 .
DESPITE
DATE :
orig:
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(4oxaiig *TY.191 Iociniteo E 2 I,PdET
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==================================================
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14-QQQQQ
outGoing MESSAGE
8I6ba 'CIOTIoUSE ONLT
400 I0o 60
onf 0
{WJWxtor
S € ( R € T
3i68106 CaScL'NO Kncior 00 Mdi 9eouo cite WimogMocr3w
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0 Mao1 4 Dissem Bt:
CONF: Info : File 0 O Inolt
0 DITut {0 Per 497409
0 7ui0
In FIRn (oitRol__In CHILE Amd HAS MADE IMPRESSIVE Progress In
REORGANIZING THE goveRmnenT AnD In EIiLISTING PUCLIC SUPPORT foR
Its ProgranS. PROSPECTS FOR ECOMOMIC CECovERY And DeveLoPneNT ARE
ThIE 8EST LHICH COULD REASONABLY BE EXdECTE) FRon A COUNTRY Whose
ENTIRE Ecomo;Y WaS A SHAMBLES IN SEPTENBER 1973.
17. FILE: 15-124-52. EZ, IMPdET-d
DATE : 10 JA{UARY 2974
orig ; JEAR#E LIRTOM:LSS
Urit: (iuhibiSa Uii EICO DILL KeniT {IN DRAFT}
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==================================================
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Oiomal cImtiauI
Jod 01 Ace
'*o onf C 0
(Lmnkinor
S E ( R [ T
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Ps)
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4li i:
0 To : HAMBURG InFo '8 ONn, SANTIAGO.
Fuonen CASPE CIAL AfECeT
Eas ( Git
REF HAMBURG 23801 IIN 096923/
0 Ivmi Jilll } FOLLOWING ANALYSIS 0f CHILEAN ECONONIC SIIUATIOH
AhD 0f RLSK
FACToRS INVOLVED In MAKInG INVESTMENTS In CHILE PREPARED For PASSAGE
To HERMES BANK PER REF PARA 1 REQuest .
The RULING JUNTA In CHILE IS MOVING AGGRESSIVELY To
REBUILD THE Economy By ADOPTING A HARSH AUSTERITY PROGRAM And IN-
STITUTING POLICIES DESIGNED
To RETURN CHILE To A MARKET Economy.
8 SANTIAGO novED QUICKLY AfteR thE CouP To REMOVE PRICE.
COnTROLS On ALL BUT 30 BASIC (OModITIES, WHILE ThE CENTRAL BANK
EFFECTIVELY DEVALUED THE Escudo 0Y SONE 60% In _ AN Effort To CUrB
ImPORt DEMAND And EASE PRESSURES On SANTIAGO 's HEAGER FOREIGM Ex -
ChANge ReSERVaES _ AS A RESULT, CHILE'S Cost of LIVInG jumped 88*
In OCTOBER, BRINGING INFLATION To NEARLY 4s0% For THE FIRST TEn months
OF THE YEAR. ANTICIPATED PRICE RISES DURING The REST of 1923 IS EX-
PECTED To Push INFLATION To Sone 250% FOR ThE YEAR,
( THE ELIMINATION 0f PRICE CONTROLS ANd Adjustment Of
OATE :
orig:
uhits
Ext : REC +3
RECORD COPY (S-kv4 32
Mujlm Ororcid
6 +y653
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CL BY : 052556
04
==================================================
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14-QQQQQ
ouiguing MESSAuc
Qikal cintea VdI Owl/
A0u
onF 0
(iAdoWratem
S € ( R € T WiimoOrmCI INtodo
0060400 Bam Bocstoa Do nmjedl
0 Ko Oissim dy :
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ExchanGE RATES HAS PRACTICALLY. ELIMINATED The ONCE FLOURISHING BLACK
NARKETS In COMMo)ITIES And FOREIGX ExchanGE . WHILE ExchanGE RATES
ChanGED And PRICES Rose , The GRouth In THE noney SUPPLY Has WEEN
SHARPLY CURTAILED , CAUSING A RELATIVE SCARCITY OF. LOCAL CURRENCY And
A LIQUIDITY CRunch FOR BUSINESSNEN .
ThE BURDEN n (cnsuners HAS BEEN HEAVY . DESPITE A
KEALTHY INCREASE In The HINIQUN WAGE, WORKING CLASS consuners ARE
FINDING It INCREASINGLY IFFICULT T) AFFORD THE OAREST NECESSITIES.
AUSTERITY HAS BEEN EXACCRBATED IN HANY CASES B Y DISMISSALS Op
RELATIVELY UNPRODUCTIVE And PQLITICALLY SuspECT EMpLOyEeS HIRED
UNdeR THE ALLENDE REGIRE -
An UXEnPLoymeNT (OnPENSATION' PRogram HAS
BEEN Announce) AnD An EXTENSIVE PUBL IC Works PRogrAM IS UndER Con-
SIDERATION.
E ThE JuntA Is AtteRPTInG To ENLIST PUBLIC Support FOR
ThE AUSTERITY PROGRAM Ahd BUSIXSS Is SHOWING REnEWE) (ONFIDENCE =
(OnsunERS An) LABOR, HOWEVER, ARE TAKING A WAIT-An)-SeE ATTITudE. no
ORGANIZED RESISTANCE To The JuNtA OR Its PROGRAnS HAS MATERIALIZE) ,
EVEN Though Sone POLITICAL FACTICAS ARE GRUnBL Ing And PREDICTING
DaTE I
orig :
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extt
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Reproduc Dy OTHI" T4; Xeissu'ng Office IS "Rc iteo E 2 impdet
6lssd - [std CL BY : 05?556
si ( R € T
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14-QQQQQ
Jiumiciniiui
80i
onf 0 P
Liadowkbirot 3
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3600*08 Maco Avo Aoithi0m 0io 01di0u_ Cmt wuimYmME{ Eu3bo'
CONp : Info : File Dis3em @t} 481670 ;
7
Plr
0 0m' FAILURE FOR THE JuNtA
F CHILE STILL Faces LARGE BAlANCE-OF-Payments DEFICITS
In Both 1923 And 1974 EveN IF DEBT:-REPAyMeNTS ARE RESCHEE DULED IN Both
YEARS, WITH A MASSIVE 04 BILLION FOREIGN deoT HANGING OveR SANTIAGO 's
HEAD , It WILL AT LEAST BE SEVERAL YEARS BEFORE CHILE's BALAMCE-Of -
PAYMENTS POSITION IMPRoveS SIGNIFICANTLY,
6 . HOWEVER, CoppER PRODUCTION HAS ALREADY INCREASED HORE
THAN 50% ABove LAST YEAR'S LEVEL AS A ReSULT Of A 9% LENGTHEMING of
THE WORk WeEk And Inproved MINE MANAGENENT. PRODUCTION WILL PRObABLY
REACH A RECOR) 750 ,000 Tons NEXT- YEAR DESPITE CONTINUING SHORTAgES 0f
SPARE PARTS An) SERVICEABLE VEHICLES,
H. AGRICULTURAL Inports CONTINUE To 0E ThE LARGEST DRAIN
On FOREIGN EXCHANGE AN) THE RECOVERY OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTION IS A `
PRIORITY 08JECTIVE of ThE JUNtA . FARm Output, HOWEVER, IS Not EX-
PECTED To FULLY RECO VER UNTIL THE 1924/75 .HARVEST SINCE nost CroPS
ALREADY ARE PLANTED ANd ARE WELL Into THEIR GROWING Seasons. Thus,
CHILE CONTINUE To InPort GRAIN In LARGE QUANTITIES DURING 1974.
I Altwough ThE PROBLERS 0f ADEQUATE ShoRt RUN SUPPLIES
DATE }
orig}
Urit$
Ext,
Munina Otkid (Ooedmmita Oibrim Gtvrtdw Mumei (5eu ReProducTion By OTHER THAH The issuing Office:/s Prowiblted
s' € € 2 impoet ( R € T
CL 05?556
tory Ir 70mc
WILL
By :
==================================================
Page 167
==================================================
14-QQQQQ
Jomalcimiirubi QOL/
40 0 100 ohp
(uik^i55
s [ ( R [ T
80004d0 Hart Edun 03te-Tido Orolo cm 76840M7ju L I tymor
conp = INfo; Yile 4ote Oiss[M @i 0
Ro 1d1
'181650
0
Jneto Pea
OF RAW ATERIALS And SPARE
0 0751o PARTS Must BE SOL VE) To boost PRODUCTION
QUICKLY . Long Run GROWth WILL depend HEAVILY On CHILE'S ABILITY To
ATTRACT ADEQUATE FOREIGN InvestmenT
ATTRACTION 0f SUBSTANTIAL NEW:
InvcstneNT WILL DEPEND On The JUNTA S ABILITY To demonstrate GQo)
FAITH In The TreaTnenT of FOREIGN EQUITY
WECL ^S
ASATHEIR ABILITY To INSTILL
CONFIdeNCE In CHILE S Prospects FOR STABLE ReCOvERY And GRONTH.
CRITICAL FIRST StEP Is TIMELY SETTLENENT 0f OUSTANd Ing (ONPENSBATION
CLAIMS EMANATING FRon ThE ALLeNDE NATIONALIZATIONS- The juNTA HAS
STATED That It WILL EITHER RETURN INTERVENED FIRnS To ThE PRIVATE
SECTOR OR , AS In THE CASE 0f The LARGE COPPER MINES, ADEQUATELY
COMPENSATE THE PREVIOUS OUNERS . SONE 90 FIRMS ARE AlReADY In ThE
PROCESS of REVERSION.
J Thus FAR THE Junta HAS SUCCEEdED In LINING UP SUF -
FICIEnT FOREIGN REDITS To ENABLE It To PURCHASE ESSENTIAL CAPITAL
G0 0)s And FINANCE ThE CURRENT PAyneNTS GAP . In ADDITIQN, THERE ARE
Strong INDICATIONS 0F RENEUED Investor ConF D
IceNE, And PRIVATE For-
EIGN Investnent In CHILE IS EXPECTE) To GroW DRANATICALLY DURING The
NeXT 12 Homths .
DaTE :
orig;
umitt
EXt'
Wloa8e Drrio
cooedrt 'I5j 0bk108 cAndrstror Wtn370tig Reproduction By Othea an DvE issuing Offce IsPrchibifo
s [ € R E.t E 2 inpdet
CL BY: 057556
==================================================
Page 168
==================================================
14-QQQQQ
OUTGoiNg MESSEGE
Woral LimimbudiGm/
401 170
orf 0 5
(4abod 2a1 oy
s € ( R € T
0inibbe Rocirueli 1ybodm WinjliHnaliro Mollstod 081.7dI0al
4ob dissem 0ys
Comp imfo: Pil
8
6o 59i
481610
Mive i0 Pea
0 170nio
K The ECOUomIC OUTLook FOR CHIBLE IS CAUTIOUSLY OPTI-
MISTIC AS THE ~Junita TaKes StEPs To CORRECT The ExcESscS of MEARLY
THREE YEARS of DECAPITALIZATION Under statE SOCIALISM. ThE PRogRAnS,
though AUSTERE , ARE ECOHOMICALLY Sound And OFFER A PIRM FOUNDATION
For RECO VERY And grouth Of The CHILEAN Ecomiony _ THE MA JOR POLICY
(ONFLICTS WITHIN The g9vERNrENT APPEAR To BE OveR THE DEGREE Atid
1
TINING of SPECIFIC measupes PA ThER Than PRobLEnS 0f BASIC POLICY 1
1
ORIENTATION:
L The EMERGING DonINANCE 0f RAUL SAEZ As SEHIOR ECOmOMIC
1
ADVISOR Is PROBABLY FoR The Best SINCE ThE JUNTA '$ KUSTERITY PROGRAM 1
Nust BE TENPERED IF POLITICAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC RECOVERY And 1
STABILITY IS To BE ACHIEVE) . MEANWHILE , (HILE IS PREPARING To 1
SETTLE OUTSTANDING COMPENSATION Issues Ahid (OnpLEte @ILATERAL Ne- 1
I GOTIATIONS Om 1378/72 DEet SERVICE In Acord WITH THE 1972 PARIS
CLUB AgREEnENTS - TInELY RESCLUTION 0f Thes Issues WILL 60 Far
1
In InPROVING Investor AnD CREDITOR CONFIBDEKCE Im CHILE.
2, FOLLOWING QUESTIONS' suggested To ELICIT HernES' VIEWS
On CHILE'S ECONOMIC Prospects AS REQUESTED PARA 3 REF ,
Oate}
orig !
Uniti
ExT ,
45-0433
L
cooroultuea Obdcind MFiwKil Odoicio 4uild Oncud
clsiouritor RePRoductiom @y OTher ThAN The issuing Office is proxibited E 2 impdet
s' € ( R € T CL BY : 05?556 1
==================================================
Page 169
==================================================
14-QQQQQ
outgoing MESSAGE
Uromal (Jptimu1i Owl "
401 Co 00
orif 0
clmiwkarom
S [ ( R [ T
5408adi Eot8bulrc6 {a8010 3ibuADI MaMOLmd 5o2ntod Dati.nbI 040lr
0 Oisstm 0yi
COnp ; Info; pile 0 C 5dl
487650
0 #iuan t0 Pea
0 30r0 #
A = HoW nuch AND WHAT KINDS OF PRIVATE DIRECT FOREIGN In-
VestmenT FRom .GERMAN AND OThER WeST: [uropeAN Sources-IS EXPECTE) To
ENtER CHILE DURING NEXT 12 nonths?
8 d0 BANK OFFICIALS EXPECT SUbStANTIAL PRIVATE AND /OR
OFFICIAL GERnAN CREDITS To BE EXTENdED To CHILE DURInG MEXT iz nonthsp
What TyPeS of CREDITS WOuLD These BE , I.. BALANCE 0f pa nents
RELIEF, devcLopment ASSISTANCE , TIED AND UNTIED TRAdE CREDITS?
Do DANK OFFICIALS See ThE WIDESPREAD ADVERSE PUBLIC
REACTION Im EURCPE To THE NEU CHILEAN GQVERNMENT As, SIGMIFICANTLY
AFFECTING FUTURE InvestmenT And AI) DECISIONS FOR CHILE?
3. hERnES' REACTION To ANALYSIS And ResPONse To QUESTIONS WILL
BE OF IntEREST ,
4. FILE: 1S-12b-52 . Ez, Inpdet.r
#REF ATTACHED.
DATE ; 4 DecenbEr 2973
orig : JEANNE GinToNEsnB
uxit CTuh/b/sa
Ext BbQ9 1069 CiWhyb
Y4as
C/E/G
~lu"-Aker~
Ac/Whd
Co 40aa1 -Oiciel Mhirticdterd Odo ci0 "ute Dtre
61701o Reproduc:_ .1 By OTwea tyAM Vhe is Suinc 'FF':E Is PR' 1%0' E 2 ImPDet
s€ ( R € T CL By 05?556
==================================================
Page 170
==================================================
14-QQQQQ
Oitgomn
(
{ * ( 1 E T
0iT 0000d0{"00 {{ 16 4100
staFf )[RECTOR "51557 ~j ,s
3 15 oisskei i: 35
(UhF :
c/e:tt':
irfo: iLe
'cf / 4
"711b" B0} Pemn'
0 "' 01
PRIORITY Caracas, LA PAZ QUITO + (ogotA , MONtevIDEG ORASILIM ,
MEXICG CITY , MWEnOS ARES, GURKALA CITY , 3N SALVXHOR;
MANGGUA
#YB' Fuoneh
#EC : DIRECTOR-4542yi
1 FGLLOWING Imio CLEARED FoR ORAL KUOmEN ORIEF Ings , STIPU-
L;TIon No fuRtheR ExPiOITATION. SOuRCE: CHILEAN (ITIZETi RESIDING
Ihi LIMA=
2 . sijrJECT : "POSSIBLE Support B% LATIN ANERICAN CommUMiIST
PMRIES for RESISTAFCE In CHILE,
3. BackGroufid: It WAS EII)ICiTED Im Am EARLIER #RIEFIng
(RkF } THIAT SOVIET COmmUNIFT ARt"( of PERU {PCP/{OVIET} Inended To
SEKVE AS A RECEPTION POInT For GUERRILLA FIGHTERS FRoi1 OTHER
(#UNTRIES Wio WoULD ENITER (iitLE Fron PERU To JOIm Any RESISTANCE
MovEmEiiT In CMILE .
4, The FIrst Word 0f CHIILEA;i CGui) WAS RECEIVED BY PC?/SOVIET
KKemi CHILEAn Enda:s In LIMA . CEnTRIL (OMmittKe
CALLe}}
Aa EIERGENCY
RZting WIE, It APPEARED THA Eveits I CIILE JecE GOIrg AGAInST
#J33J
I if:
EN 2 € 2 3
RECC3 ZZI L'_ k_Ec-fis /2y-51
10[{43006ri0 CMIj "i Q*ti6t 41v"il''1 0"kis
RccRoWuct:x dY otiifm [itfi Tiik issWi#; Grfice IS Pie:wimite? E 2 imruet 7 ( R € T
CI: B%: 057556
ef;
c/st5
Sep
==================================================
Page 171
==================================================
14-QQQQQ
OUTGcig MSSACE
Ko
4"€( n Et_
17c{1ca I viqeuc 0026i BlU0i
taf DIRECTOR
tJu{ oisske BY:
cosf_ ifo: FiLE
454553
7iroi
0 T"m7 Tu Cer
0 06t
Ala REGIME. UWILE WAITING {q? Instfuctions FROm iscou , (ENTRAL
CAItTEe DECIDE) TAKE CERTAIM NEA URES' Such AS sem@Iing SIX
GIZERS Into CIILE hiese ORSANIZERS NERE MeNzERS" QF PERUVIAM
CnrlIst Youtiiv WhO USED PasSPoRTs 08TAINE) EARLIER FRom CHILEAN
EmS,tsy Im CASE 0F Such Am EmERGECY. PA.SPORTS UERE LEGITINATE ,
ZuT 'ATA IN THEM, INCLUdING NANES, MERE FALSE. THE PERUVIANS WERE
To (cojs Into CHIILE AT ThE TACNA/ARICA BOr)ER POINT ANd WERE To BE
#CC ;PANIE) BY A NUNBER Of BOLIVIANS AnD ORAZILIANS.
5. ON 15 SePTEmEER, To UMIDENTIFIEd MEn WhO UERRE LATIN
ACERICANS BUt NJt PERUVIAMS BRought To PCP/sOVIET HEX)QUARTERS
IsRucions from THE (Qi'UNIST PARTX 0f THE SOVIET U,IoN {CPSU} =
InTtfWcTionS WERE DELIVERED Tq NETEERS OF . f'cPisovIET CENTRAL
COMITTEE And I mEDIATELY DISCUsEd BY PARTY LEADERS IMCLUDInG
JargE BEL PraDo ChaVEZ {PCPYSOVIET SEC GEn} - FELIX ARIXS SCHREIDER
{PC?iSOVIET POLITICAL COmMmIsSzo; MENBER} , GUILLERNQ NERRERA
iiceETINOS {ALSO NETIBER QF PcPisuvIET POLITICAL (ONfISSIoM} , And
RE i' TXE Tuo CQURIERS DELIVERING ThE INSTRUCTIONS uko Used
TNE ALIAS "fIGUEROA . " FOLLOUING PISCUSSION; THESE PaRTY LEADERS
DATE :
crg:
tt:
EXT:
33cci9 (0i5 Tkc:yi 07#curn ("ro
Rspyouuc Qy 0i IE? . AV -Bie ifsuix ; uff'CF IS Pr Dited E 2 KdET S € € R E T 057556 CL DY :
==================================================
Page 172
==================================================
14-QQQQQ
QUeoie 03
9{0ni"*m1 "u,6.0"
1Jo 0
%rET
Da0.ui Mmnup 5na6t T 487 huvaim
DIrector
corc 0 G dis:emi Uy iifo: file 46455 1
W ~J #cI
0 4'V4h {0 #ei
0' 0 04T1
{GaN ?RePaRING InsructionS for PARty neiiners To AI) Ini SUPPOTI
mIR counterxarts Iii ThE: COrmumIsT: rARty 07 CHIL {Pcch} INITIAL
IaT RCTIons To PC?/SOvIET MENieRs UERE To ARRAMGE Fe Lo)gING FOR
Tisnfr OF OTHEr LRTIm XMKRICAM (ONUNIsT PARTIES Who "ERE ARRIVInG
in LiiA, To OBTAIi MAFS of CiiILE , FALSE DOCUMENTATION, ETC.
63 SEco;i) stagE Of SuPPort To CHILE Was To JEGI; PURING UEEK
oi 23 SEPTEMdEr WHEM (OMnMIsts A,) OThers WERE To ARRIVE FRom
covn;i
YEREZUELA _
1 PAMAma , CJLOMnIM , CUba AND 0 TFiER ALL UER? To BE
L.odgeD In LIMA IID , LaTeR, GIvKf FALSE DocuNenTS AN) TRANSPORTATION
TJ CXILEAM 8ORDER. THEIR PRINCIPAL TASK I CHILE 0AS To A,SSIST
Iri RZORGANIZATIJH 0f PCCh FOLLciING Coup D 'ETT, AS LELL AS In PRO-
DUCTIo 0f (La;pESTIiZ Propaga;ina_ ThEy #LSO WERE Tv Study POSSI-
PILITY 0f AIDI.iG In MgUNTING CONCERTED ARMe) RESISTANCE To MILITARY
REGI E' PRINCIPALLY tirougii URD:ii GUERRILL; UARFARE = TmeRE UA.S No
NEE) To SEN) ARas , SINCE TIERE STILL Emough WEAPoNS' MId:EN In CHILE
To NAKf Such RISK LFXZCESSARY.
7 . CEMTRAL' #:1) scuth AmZRIC;: COCRUNISTS WERE To NEET Ix LIMA
otl 25 SEPTEMAER_ To COfSIDER SERRIG PERSON: T0 CHILE TO QRGARIZE
ckIE:
JKr:
"*n
€Xt:
15 - (28- S2
ni ILe Cmmm6 4050 0745
Rcftcnuciio:u dY Cikt: Iiian Tif isli:; Offic: I: Crohibired $ € ( R E T E 2 EdET
CL FY.35723V
==================================================
Page 173
==================================================
14-QQQQQ
outc:.!€ MSA:
910.41
C6
7
6 ( * € T
Mut 06 ##muo Ja 4ua
:AFf D Irector
0i;mm (t: cuf; Mi;;o) : File
450155 7
4""4
0#y "ci
GuRRILL GRoups Tiiere A;in T0 #I) CHILEAfi (ONNunits. Some DELKGaTEA
Tg KZltIng ARRIVE) EARLY Im ORDER Atetd REGIONAL METInG of ImTfR-
i'TZcNAL LABOR ORGKNIZATION {ILo} WPiIch BEGAN 19 SEPT . Juah (Anipos
Carij, CHIILEAN, SECRETARY. FOrLAtI: AmERICAM AfFAIRs' 0f WorLD #EdER-
ATIoN Q1 TRADE Unions {WFTU} , Wfo Is Ii LINA FOR ILo NEETING , IIELD
PrESS CONFERENCE on 13 SEPTEMBER DuRIhiG UIiich HE CAL.LED om Al.l. WORLd
TRADE uXIoN ORGANIZATIONS Tj mount PUBLIC OPINION CRUFAdE AGAIMST'
CIILEAN Jimnta .
'9 . FILE: 15-124-52. Ez, ImipcEt.d
' 26 Sz?tei?ER 1'73
WKt
2Iilian N . KENT:LSS
Acci!xib
6546/3455
C/k)
Ula__rztwls
REPROQv: m#onirtimfismc ksUi of"{ctis: #tcd 2.- Eet
5 € n [ T C_ #Y _ (57s5h,
"
==================================================
Page 174
==================================================
14-QQQQQ
Outsowe HESSGE /'|
sifA €iRirUseial
Lu' 7'7
W;f
c € ( R E T
'Llinjimux Iiud 04m,mi banui 00453r014
stkff 25r52mz IRECTOR 45702}
0 Iddi 0 Disse# Ov:
comr
clc info: file
c (ss > Kct
Ao IRoI
Iuor *0 PIR
0 1 {1I
To : FPIORITY LIMA.
Reft Fuomem
TEFS: A' PAHAma CITY 25754 IIi 035301/
0 ; LIMA 26010 IIm 038180|
} REF A UAS Used FoR Fuoneh. As FoLion-UP WOULD LIKE Use REF
'0 7 60/0_
8 ,
AE@z
JECT YoiJr CONCUfRENcE Atid CAVEATS_ WILL Source To (HILEAN
EXILE: In LIMA Ahid DELETE RefereMCES To SOURCES In REPORT (PIP PenE -
TRATION AgenT AhD MIgh LEVEL OfFICIAL 0F PERUVIAN SERVICE Who IS
PCOFESSIONAL IMTEL OFFICER} An) ALJER TEXT ACCORDINGLY. PLEASE AD-
VISE -
2, FILE: 15-124-52. Ez, ImPdET.ri
#REfs ATTACHED .
X
u'uli xY _;
(ATe 25 SEQTEribER
ik
15 - /} * -51
Qmig: WILLIAn M. KERT:snB
2 $ Yr /3
UmiT: ADC/uH/b
ExT: 6556/9155 tIts= 'ZLDe
FEK)
kzmb
c/i1l
0im 0v [tadDaQu Lit'
{eprudlcttu:i UY u[meh Tiinm ME issuirg Ofiict iS Fsamirited E 2 ixPoet
s € ( R [ T CL DY : 857556
^l
==================================================
Page 175
==================================================
14-QQQQQ
outGoing MESSAGE
90sci_iiii Uri
74-1
co ou
ci:; 1
W)e
S € ( 'R € T
cmg '104Li #VMm KVa Fitla
SAFF
2822inz )IRECToR 458240
0 Inni Dis 6e 0k53; coun;c /vv' 8; INFO: Fii,e_ lin luve 4cssluTz
0
Hu 'nni
0 0i0am 10 ?89
0 1p /0 $ $ 4
To ; PRIORITY o0mm Ini 0 MEXICO CIT'( , CARACAS , ORaSILIA , PARIS,
London:
KY{aT CAGER Fuomen
REF : BoNN 26475 IIn 0325921
1 IN GENERAL TERMS QUSINESSZS_LEgALLY_NATIOHNALIZED_Such_AS
CoRDER C(ONPANIES, BANKS And Itt HivE @EcoME GOVERNNENT rRoverty Ati)
UILL not DE RETURNED , WiiILE UUSIniezzEs Wiiich WERE Intervetied ,
I cLUDIng Most DONESTIC Manuiacturing firms, MAY o€ Returiied To
TIEIR FOnMER oWneRS - ThE SaME GEvzRLL CRITERIM APPLY To Propert ;
LaRGE Farrs LEGALLY EXROPRIATED HILL Not BE RETURNED To THEIR
FORiER OWNERS, WHILE FarNS' ILLEGALLT OCCUPIED PROQABLY WILL EE
RETURmED . It ShOULD 8E NotEd , HOWEMER, ThaT To 'JR Knoui.edge ho
LIST EXISTS UhICH SPECIFICALLY IDENT IFIES WHICH bUsinesses 0R
PROPERTIES FALL Into WHIICH CATEGORY . uE HVE Nio FURTiiER DETAILS
THIS SUBJECT.
2. FILE: 15-124-52 E?, Inbzt,d
DaTE : 24 Septem?ER 1423
orig: JearNE LINTen:Bss
15 - 12 % - $2_
UmiT: Uh/b/sA w'u/ Ez
4O*t 73
EX0 : 6601/.4962 6zCc.) CAPy
(Ci; 11l
(iiuicur (7rmi
Fott D 7 / " ra"i "o 01
Rffonuctiun iiy otmf? iiixm Iie |M6 Oiice iS Pilum:tro E 2 #foET
5 € ( R € T CL i;Y: Ws?556
e.b
==================================================
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==================================================
14-QQQQQ
cAOLI BIC Dissem 0v IQ!As_cgcuel hilt
Reopouiictium dY Otii { Tuiam $ E c R @ 1 #iuino Jimice i0 Paomiditeo PERBON/UNiT Noticilo_
AQVANC{_Copy_Isjygo_St Ar
akeupE
0x
~La/S-z21 Aien y KEssAje
ATkN Unit
RF_ NLE VR Xsre6_8s
@uhs
AciiOw
clsls
T 551709 Page 01 'N 23750%
ToR : ?4145w2 SEP 7 % QNN 26 475
S 6.C R E ; 24 !4:82 SEP 73 5 AFf
cite 00 NN 26475
Tq : PR [0r[TY DISecf0a InFo MEXICO city , caracas BRA S!LIA: PARis_
Loidon
RYBA T CAGER fuqmen
Ref : A . D[REcToR 458535 Zov' Frx %{a"
8 . DiREcTjn 456615
C 80 NN 26432 L 0 35549
1 PARA 38 R:r 3 STATcs PRopERT [ES IN "SDCIAL' AREA" Fhick
HAVE BEcOmE Quc FE LEGAL UnquofE Property 0f GJ VT WILL 12& 3:
REturned OwNERS_ Se? C REOUESTEd DENTIF :cA ; {0n 0F SPErif:f
PRoperties Invoi iEd . NO T CLEAR {Rom FeF 4 Xhether Exprcpr:^fed
AND REquiSIf;OAE: PROPErties cgNSideRed Quc;e LEGAi' @NCU::
PR 0? ERtIES 0f GJi; SuBJect T0 Frov [S ions P434 39 AE7 8, :
0Ther WoRDS . KhA? !7 ANY FRMS !N Soc{AL ARE4 HAVE Not Secd"E
LEGAL PR OpERiTY 67 Governmen; And WHAT FiRAS HavE 3EE: {af1
0VER 0R InteRvenej wthout Becdm!NG LEGAL Faofzrty cc Gdwes~
MeNT,
2 PLS CLAR [Fy ANJ IF 205SIa1E PRov [DE SPEc!FIC EXANPLes
0F FiRmS INVOL vE? .
f7E_cZ
S E c 6 E T 7$ - 12 Y - 52
FICCD CoPy
4 7 }
cidcr
S-p
==================================================
Page 177
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14-QQQQQ
caale RIC OijbeM 0v_ JQ!Al_cOpic'
RIpaoguction My Otiisd TmaM
pereui/umit Notino_
5 E C 6 & #buimo Ovpici i9 Pnomiriteo
AVYARSt cQeYHBSYEQ_XSTVLR 4Gency vfssase
U.TIow Unit
Rf_ FiLE Vr
N
KTION
551709 PAGe 32-82 'W 037592 _
{0? :2414582 SEP 73 83:f; 26473
3 , 'F!l:: 15-124-52 _ E2 imPdet
S E C R € -t
==================================================
Page 178
==================================================
14-QQQQQ
ougoing ~IESSAGE
1.0ni Liaiaudd ONL
46
o;if 0
4tot
S [ ( R [ T
cno 400 FA Muvoi
00 7478 7y1os 001 'Iyo Rov
staff 2217212 D [RECTOR 458535
0 500$ "Disscn nt:
conf;
c/en x
imfo: File
cleuec, Drr]r:
0 Ko ituti
A5 sJasheco;
0 0iudn *0 Plh
0 0mi
To : PRIORITY 00NN Info MEXICO CITY , CDARACAS, BRASILIA , PARIS,
Lomdom .
RYBAT Fuonem CagER
REFS: A . BoNQAn 26432 IIn 035549/ It|
B DIRECTOR 456625 Ixt|
}: "SOCIAL_AREA" IS Tcrm OFOR STATE-COnTROLLED SccTor OF
EcQuQmY: STATE CONTROL OVER WIDE VARIETY 0f Economgc ACTIVITIES Was
SIGMIIFICANTLY ExPANdED DURInG ALLENDE REGINE. Through PURciiases,
EXPROPRIATIONS, REQUISITIONS- AMD INTERVENTIONS 0f PRIVATE SEcTOR
ENTERPRISES, Thie G0C BY MID-1973 HAD CONTROL OVER 2z} PRO DUcTION 0f
Goods Atid SERVICES ACCOUN?IMG For ALnost WALF 0F CHILE' $ GDP , Com-
PARED To AN ESTIMATED 20* At E7 Emd of THE FREI ADNINISTRATIoN In
1970.
2 SINCE TAKING OFfICE , ALLENDE Govt HA D TAKEN QvER AT
LEAST 400 FIRnS THE EXECUTIVE: HAD SUBnITTE) To (ongrESS Qn VARIOUS
OCCASIONS BILLS THAT WOULD AUTHORIZE INCREASES Im ScOPE AND RANGE
0f, govt-CONTROLLED SEcTor , BUt THERE HAD BEEN No AgreEnENT on UHA T
secotor'$ LIMITS SHoULD BE _ ALLENDE Govt, THEREF ORE__ZMA) (onTINUE)
DATE;
orig:
units
ExTI
/ $ - (24 -Sl
FECC:D CoFY
2?
Juntrv8 01Ki"
Dlli8g Orracir €oo757m
{ijunnor Reproduction Ht Other Than The issuing
of(e/ls Prohigmeo
'E 2 impdet
CL BY: 057556
~u
78
Sct 73
==================================================
Page 179
==================================================
14-QQQQQ
outgoing MESSAGE
Jiomal cinigauji OnLV
40 40 Io
ohf 0 2
cLbbkjidm
S € € R € T
Wiboaci Mamdlito Mdilatdd 041 ninioroun 3a0 Aidoecinuwuic
STAFF DIRECTOR
0 M010 Disscm By :
Conp: Impo: FiLe
45{535
0 40 430I1
0 RiTvbm [0 Per
0 M vrio #
To REQUISITION And INTERVENE PRIVATE IECTOR ENTERPRISES As It
CONSIDERE) JUSTIFIED:
3. FILE' 15-128l-52. E' 2, Impdet.4
*Intend Use {Ref 8} 673 Fuonem. PLS IDEMiTIFY "SOCIAL AREAG
PROPERTIES.
#*Fuonen On ECONOmIC PLANS OF CHILEAM MILITARY JUNTA,
DATE
orig:
22 SEFTEMBER 1973
U~Mk F
umit:
WILLIAM Kentjdso _ AC/Wh/b
ADC/WB
6558/ 2941
Aarey "~AXBYE08*
Coordld
KSLuHdres
ave
cLdedto4 reproductik .' By Other ThAN Tle issJimg Jffice is ,ROs." . Trb 4E 2 IMPdET
R F t CL BY : 057556
==================================================
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14-QQQQQ
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AFTER THE 1} SEPTEMBER COUP D 'EtAt In CHILE'.
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OFFICER Who IS AlSG A MEMBER: 0f- ThE CubAn DIRECTORATE 0f _ INTEiLIGENGE
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ORGANIZATION 0f
CHILEAN MILITARY'5 SUCCESSFUL ovewRTiirou 0f TME
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4 J HE SAID THE CUBAN Govt An) Cuban EnBASSY In: SANTIAGO WERF
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5 FILE: 15-324-520. € 21 InPDeT.d
clwunlecc _ 0
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14-QQQQQ
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In LIMA,
2 . subJECT: MEETING In LIMA 0f LATIN AMERICAN SUEBVERSIVE
RGANIZATIONS To MAKE PLANS To SENd MILITANTS To CHILE .
3, om OR ABoUt 22 SEPTEMBER A MEETING IS To_ BE HELD In LIMA 90
0f CENTRAL ANd South AMBERICAN SUBVERSIVE ORGANIZATIONS For The
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2. FILE: 15-124-52 . E2, ImPdET.r
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outgoing MESSAGE
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==================================================
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KAML MC OISBIM By_ PeR JQTAL cotlO
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546102 PaGe 21-01 Vi_-235549
70a/2110122 SeP 73 66YN 26432
5 & c R_E T 2109562 Se?. 1} STAFF 557044 233
cite 00NN 26432
To : Pr [ 0aiTy DiRectoR {83 MEX[cO City , CARACAS, 9RAS[LIA, 2 s3[S,
London_
AyBAT CAGEREUQMEN
Ref : Director 456615
1 J [NTEND USE Fuomew INf0 REf _ T0 IncReAsE. USefulness,
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==================================================
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14-QQQQQ
QuTGOiNG BESS,GE
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JMF 0 0
L" Mkumy
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0 JJ[ ? DisstM OY $ comf: cfivh $
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0
To : FRIORITY MEXICO CITY, CARican, B5A SILIA , 50R". ?,f: Lopsoni.
Yeat FuOmEN
1. FCLLOuING ImFQm ATION CLEARED For OfAL fu mEN 571EFInGS,
9 STIPULATION No FurthER EXFLITITION. SOUFCE: ChiLIam busI:cssian
UITh G00) CONTACTS In MILITARY JuNtA Gayf?RERT,
0 2, SubJect: ECOilC_ELAS ~F e#zLEAR AZLITATY JU'LA
3, on 15 SEPTETCER GewER,L SERGIO FuFo, RI:IS?ER VICE PRESIDEmT
0F CHILEAN DEVELOPRET CORPORATzor {CoRFO} , CUTLI;ER mILITARY JU"TA 'S
ECONOMIC PLaNS AS FOLLOSS:
A = ALL Of FIRNS Am) (o;iPANIES WHICH HAVE cEEX EITHER Takem
OVER OR InTERVENED sut WHICH ARE Not LEGALLY OuSE) 6Y GOVERMNENT,
WILL 8E RETURNED To THEIR ORIGINAL OUNERS;
8 Those PROPERTIES IN "SOCIAL AREA " @HICH .AVE BEconE
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SAID HE BELIEVES THAT 4 GIVEM PERCENTAGE 'cf OURERSN{? Cf thsE
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orig:
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==================================================
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14-QQQQQ
outcoi;G RiEssAGE
Tti 46 JstOwlY
060 cu '7o
C;F 0
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S € ( R € T
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HAVE 8EEN INSTRUCTED 70 CEGIN UORIRG K3 Sogi: As POSSIELE. Tpey
ARE To REQUEST AnY KELP ThEy nEEd fron ARRE) forcEs, Ak) IR EvEnT
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6 , FILE: 15-124-52. EZ , IMPDET.4
DATE 16 sePtEtizER 1973
1.Xar
OrIG: WILLIAM n. KExT:smb
unit: Kciuhib
EXT: 6556/9255 slxla
(TeUR
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:Y S € ( R € T 57556
==================================================
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14-QQQQQ
CABLI S0C Diss{y Pla IQIA CQEII}
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222
5,8842 Page 01-01 JN032.283
72 {0311819352 SEP 73 SAGo 26529
3ui
S E c R E,'T 1618562 SEP 73 STAFF
Cite SANTIAGO 26529
To; PrioritY d [ Rector ,
RYBAT Fuomen
ReF ; DLRECIQR_45.6203 (i 0.31351 )
C Oncur USE QE_SANLI4G0_26489 (HCS 9836) Eor
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2,' PREFeR No T USE SANTIAGO 26512 (Hcs 9839 ) becalse
0F Squrce SENS[TIVITY , Info GIVen diRECTLy And #3iVATELY
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==================================================
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S & € R € T 1719502
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HCS-9839
To ! director,
[NTEL
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==================================================
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Intelligence Information Cabze
SENSITIVE INTELLIGENCA "NUAGCESTICB IN 031122 souices ^j NETIIODS INVOLVED
STATV INRNMCC/ MC (dia) CiNNMCC Nic NM TREAS so0 OnE CRs PAGE OF } PAGES
direciorate 0
OP{RATIONS NsCiS
Di
Shx "iot Bxiadeciaror"ra Rerorded Otee; Ironpt (roa Onerol Dabullcolloa sheavle % 4.0, IIat {xemptlen
NO 0 OREIGN DISSEM 0 (I) (2). lmpouslble @ 'Celwmlno Dolo
THISTS AN INFORMATION REDORT, NOlFINALLY
MAUATED INTELIIGENCE
SECRET
Cite TdfiR -316/07571-7$
DiST 17 SEPTENBER 197}
CquN[xyi Chice
D 0f 15 sepeeber 197J'
SubJeCTi PLANE. EoyaR do Frei; FormeR Pres [DenT 0F CHILE
148pR 0f The ChRiSTiAN DEMOcRAtic Party
To LEavE 6.
Acq_ chile SANT [AGO (16 5 EP te mbeR 197J) FIELd NO, Hcs-98J9 _
squrce / An INFLUeNtIal MembER 07 The ChRISTIAN DEMOcRAT[c Party
whose POLITIcAL PHILOSOPHY
PLacES AIm In The
Center 0f The Partyi5 IDEOLOG[CAL spectrum,
HE HAS Go0d Access To 80Th The RiGht- AND Lest-wing Sectors
0F The MuCh 0F HIS
ConF ] Rmed 8 Y
PREVIOUS RePoRtING
HAS 8EEN
SubsEQueNT EVENTs
ANd squrces,
1 : 0 N 15 Septenser 1973 Former PRESIDevT Eduardq
F R E [,
4 LEADER 0f The ChRistian democratic PARTY TOLD 0ther Pdc LEAdeRs ThAT He cONsidered
IT wISEST F0r HIm To Leave
ChiLE In The NeAR future AND: FoR AIM To A9 ROA d UNTIL The DIRect ! OnS 05 ThE New Government become CLEARER And The SEcURITy
5 & C R E T
Cotopor
AND;
PDC ,
(Pdc) ,
REhAin
==================================================
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HN 0,6.'22
tofir -3i" 025"-
WanNisc; ~(nC SEXSITTVE INTEI,LIGENCE SQURCES ASD METIIODS INVOLVED
PAGE 2 Of PAGES SECRET
No FOREIGN DISSEH
(cla"WIlcotlon dusscm con
SfUAf{on becomes More STA8LIZED ,
2 : Squrce ComMenT/ Most 0f ThE Pdc LeadeRs ARE conc:RNE)
A8ou:
TAEir PERSONAL Safety since
They BEL IEvE That They ARE
Taagets F0r ASSASS inATiON BY Leftist EXtrEmIsts And ThAT They
May bEcome The ,POLiTICAL Taagets
0f The Military GoVernmenf _
They ARe concerned" PARTIcuLarLy
ABqut The 60vErnment'5 0Ffer{AG
0f ImportanT Posts To R[ghtists Such AS ORLANDO S A E N 2 , The
PRes!dent 0F Fhe Industrial CEvElophent Soc[Ety (S0f0fA) ; mhO
HaS NAMED As Economc Adv[S0r To The Ministry 0F F0Re; GN
RELA ; [ 0Ns / ANp Leon V [ L ^ R En, HEad 07 The Truck OnNers
FEdERAt I ON , Nhq HAs 0ffered The Post 0F mimister 0F Pu8L[C
works; Which HE REFUSEd , WhILe SAENZ HAS A Number 0F FR [ENDL %
coNfAc:s WIth Pdc Members, HE I5 REgARde d 0y The Pdc LEACERS
4s BAS!cALLy Opposed
To The PdC AND interested iN iTs ElIminA:icn
AS.4 VIABLE POLITIcAL EnTITY , )
J _ FRE 1 S4'ID THAT NHILE HE [5 CcNS [ DeR [NG LEAviNG The Country
0f His Own WILL, HE WOULd Paeter To BE Requested 70 LEAVE 8 % The
mLIARY Government ,
IN 0ader To Protect HIS POL!TIcAL Future .
HE Does NOt WANT To BE Ident[f[ed With The HILITARY G0 Vernkenf
AND HE WQULd PREFER THAT HIS departure Does Not AppeaR To BE
5 & C R E T
trobu)
BEen
==================================================
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IN 031722
Tdfir -314/07571-73
WARNIN(; NOTICK
SE:NSITZIE IATELLICENCE sOUkCES AND MEtiiods INVOLVED PAGE 3 Of 3 PAGES
SECRET
NO FQREIGN DISSEM
(clouulncetton) Junr sontrolo)
[N FEaR F0R, HiS Personal SAfETY ,
FIELD D [SSemi EMBASSY , dEFAtT AT SANTIago,
Report CLASS secret/warning NqTICE-SENSITIVE ImTELLIGeNcE
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cLaSSiFied 8,Y Recorded ReP 0rTiNG 0ffiCeR , EXEK?t. From
GeNeral: 'DEcLASSIFICAT]ON SCHEDULE 0f E,9, 11652, EXEMPt[0N
Cateogry 58 [MPoss [ BLE To Deteamine DATE 07 Automatic
decLaSSification
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==================================================
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